ADVENTURERS AND PLANTERS
Plymouth Company
“The Plymouth Company (the Plymouth Adventurers, also called the Virginia Company of Plymouth or simply Virginia Bay Company) was an English joint stock company founded in 1606 by James I of England with the purpose of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.
The Plymouth Company was one of two companies, along with the London Company, chartered with such a purpose as part of the Virginia Company. In form it was similar to the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London. The territory of the company was the coast of North America from the 38th parallel to the 45th parallel, but being part of the Virginia Company and Colony, The Plymouth Company owned a large portion of Atlantic and Inland Canada. The portion of company's area south of the 41st parallel overlapped that of the London Company, with the stipulation being that neither company could found a settlement within 100 miles (160 km) of an existing settlement of the other company.”
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The Charter of New England : 1620
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/mass01.asp
JAMES, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. to all whom these Presents shall come, Greeting, Whereas, upon the humble Petition of divers of our well disposed Subjects, that intended to make several Plantations in the Parts of America, between the Degrees of thirty-ffoure and ffourty-five; We according to our princely Inclination, favouring much their worthy Disposition, in Hope thereby to advance the in Largement of Christian Religion, to the Glory of God Almighty, as also by that Meanes to streatch out the Bounds of our Dominions, and to replenish those Deserts with People governed by Lawes and Magistrates, for the peaceable Commerce of all, that in time to come shall have occasion to traffique into those Territoryes, granted unto Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Knights, Thomas Hanson, and Raleigh Gilbert, Esquires, and of their Associates, for the more speedy Accomplishment thereof, by our Letters-Pattent, bearing Date the Tenth Day of Aprill, in the Fourth Year of our Reign of England, France and Ireland, and of Scotland the ffourtieth, free Liberty to divide themselves into two several Collonyes; the one called the first Collonye, to be undertaken and advanced by certain Knights, Gentlemen, and Merchants, in and about our Cyty of London; the other called the Second Collonye, to be undertaken and advanced by certaine Knights, Gentlemen, and Merchants, and their associates, in and about our Citties of Bristol, Exon, and our Towne of Plymouth, and other Places, as in and by our said Letters-Pattents, amongst other Things more att large it doth and may appears. And whereas, since that Time, upon the humble Petition of the said Adventurers and Planters of the said first Collonye, We have been graciously pleased to make them one distinct and entire Body by themselves, giving unto them their distinct Lymitts and Bounds, and have upon their like humble Request, granted unto them divers Liberties, Priveliges, Enlargements, and Immunityes, as in and by our severall Letters-Patents it doth and may more at large appears. Now forasmuch as We have been in like Manner humbly petitioned unto by our trusty and well beloved Servant, Sir fferdinando Gorges, Knight, Captain of our ffort and Island by Plymouth, and by certain the principal Knights and Gentlemen Adventurers of the said Second Collonye, and by divers other Persons of Quality, who now intend to be their Associates, divers of which have been at great and extraordinary Charge, and sustained many Losses in seeking and discovering a Place fitt and convenient to lay the Foundation of a hopeful Plantation, and have divers Years past by God's Assistance, and their own endeavours, taken actual Possession of the Continent hereafter mentioned, in our Name and to our Use, as Sovereign Lord thereof, and have settled already some of our People in Places agreeable to their Desires in those Parts, and in Confidence of prosperous Success therein, by the Continuance of God's Devine Blessing, and our Royall Permission, have resolved in a more plentifull and effectual Manner to prosecute the same, and to that Purpose and Intent have desired of Us, for their better Encouragement and Satisfaction herein, and that they may avoide all Confusion, Questions, or Differences between themselves, and those of the said first Collonye, We would likewise be graciously pleased to make certaine Adventurers, intending to erect and. establish fishery, Trade, and Plantacion, within the Territoryes, Precincts, and Lymitts of the said second Colony, and their Successors, one several distinct and entire Body, and to grant unto them, such Estate, Liberties, Priveliges, Enlargements, and Immunityes there, as in these our Letters-Pattents hereafter particularly expressed and declared. And for asmuch as We have been certainly given to understand by divers of our good Subjects, that have for these many Years past frequented those Coasts and Territoryes, between the Degrees of Fourty and Fourty-Eight, that there is noe other the Subjects of any Christian King or State, by any Authority from their Soveraignes, Lords, or Princes, actually in Possession of any of the said Lands or Precincts, whereby any Right, Claim, Interest, or Title, may, might, or ought by that Meanes accrue, belong, or appertaine unto them, or any of them. And also for that We have been further given certainly to knowe, that within these late Yeares there hath by God's Visitation reigned a wonderfull Plague, together with many horrible Slaugthers, and Murthers, committed amoungst the Sauages and brutish People there, heertofore inhabiting, in a Manner to the utter Destruction, Deuastacion, and Depopulacion of that whole Territorye, so that there is not left for many Leagues together in a Manner, any that doe claime or challenge any Kind of Interests therein, nor any other Superiour Lord or Souveraigne to make Claime "hereunto, whereby We in our Judgment are persuaded and satisfied that the appointed Time is come in which Almighty God in his great Goodness and Bountie towards Us and our People, hath thought fitt and determined, that those large and goodly Territoryes, deserted as it were by their naturall Inhabitants, should be possessed and enjoyed by such of our Subjects and People as heertofore have and hereafter shall by his Mercie and Favour, and by his Powerfull Arme, be directed and conducted thither. In Contemplacion and serious Consideracion whereof, Wee have thougt it fitt according to our Kingly Duty, soe much as in Us lyeth, to second and followe God's sacred Will, rendering reverend Thanks to his Divine Majestie for his gracious favour in laying open and revealing the same unto us, before any other Christian Prince or State, by which Meanes without Offence, and as We trust to his Glory, Wee may with Boldness goe on to the settling of soe hopefull a Work, which tendeth to the reducing and Conversion of such Sauages as remaine wandering in Desolacion and Distress, to Civil Societie and Christian Religion, to the Inlargement of our own Dominions, and the Aduancement of the Fortunes of such of our good Subjects as shall willingly intresse themselves in the said Imployment, to whom We cannot but give singular Commendations for their soe worthy Intention and Enterprize; Wee therefore, of our especiall Grace, mere Motion, and certaine Knowledge, by the Aduice of the Lords and others of our Priuy Councell have for Us, our Heyrs and Successors, graunted, ordained, and established, and in and by these Presents, Do for Us, our Heirs and Successors, grant, ordaine and establish, that all that Circuit, Continent, Precincts, and Limitts in America, lying and being in Breadth from Fourty Degrees of Northerly Latitude, from the Equnoctiall Line, to Fourty-eight Degrees of the said Northerly Latitude, and in length by all the Breadth aforesaid throughout the Maine Land, from Sea to Sea, with all the Seas, Rivers, Islands, Creekes, Inletts, Ports, and Havens, within the Degrees, Precincts and Limitts of the said Latitude and Longitude, shall be the Limitts; and Bounds, and Precints of the second Collony: And to the End that the said Territoryes may forever hereafter be more particularly and certainly known and distinguished, our Will and Pleasure is, that the sa.ne shall from henceforth be nominated, termed, and called by the Name of New-England, in America; and by that Name of New-England in America, the said Circuit, Precinct, Limitt, Continent, Islands, and Places in America, aforesaid, We do by these Presents, for Us, our Heyrs and Successors, name, call, erect, found and establish, and by that Name to have Continuance for ever.
And for the better Plantacion, ruling, and governing of the aforesaid New-England, in America, We will, ordaine, constitute, assigne, limits and appoint, and for Us, our Heyrs and Successors, Wee, by the Advice of the Lords and others of the said priuie Councill, do by these Presents ordaine, constitute, limett, and appoint, that from henceforth, there shall be for ever hereafter, in our Towne of Plymouth, in the County of Devon, one Body politicque and corporate, which shall have perpetuall Succession, which shall consist of the Number of fourtie Persons, and no more, which shall be, and shall be called and knowne by the Name the Councill established at Plymouth, in the County of Devon for the planting, ruling, ordering, and governing of New-England, in America; and for that Purpose Wee have, at and by the Nomination and Request of the said Petitioners, granted, ordained, established, and confirmed; and by these Presents, for Us, our Heyres and Successors, doe grant, ordaine, establish, and confirme, our right trusty and right well beloved Cosins and Councillors Lodovick, Duke of Lenox, Lord Steward of our Houshold, George Lord Marquess Buckingham, our High Admiral of England, James Marquess Hamilton, William Earle of Pembrocke, Lord Chamberlaine of our Houshold, Thomas Earl of Arundel, and our right trusty and right well beloved Cosin, William Earl of hathe, and right trusty and right well beloved Cosin and Councellor, Henry Earle of Southampton, and our right trusty and right well beloved Cousins, William Earle of Salisbury, and Robert Earle of Warwick, and our right trusty and right well beloved John Viscount Haddington, and our right trusty and well beloved Councellor Edward Lord Zouch, Lord Warden of our Cincque Ports, and our trusty and well beloved Edmond Lord Sheffield, Edward Lord Gorges, and our well beloved Sir Edward Seymour, Knight and Barronett, Sir Robert Manselle, Sir Edward Zouch, our Knight Marshall, Sir Dudley Diggs, Sir Thomas Roe, Sir fferdinando Gorges, Sir Francis Popham, Sir John Brook, Sir Thomas Gates, Sir Richard Hawkins, Sir Richard Edgcombe, Sir Allen Apsley, Sir Warwick Hale, Sir Richard Catchmay, Sir John Bourchier, Sir Nathaniel Rich, Sir Edward Giles, Sir Giles Mompesson, and Sir Thomas Wroth, Knights; and our well beloved Matthew Sutcliffe, Dean of Exeter, Robert Heath, Esq; Recorder of our Cittie of London, Henry Bourchier, John Drake, Rawleigh Gilbert, George Chudley, Thomas Hamon, and John Argall, Esquires, to be and in and by these Presents; We do appoint them to be the first modern and present Councill established at Plymouth, in the County of Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering, and governing of New-England, in America; and that they, and the Suruiuours of them, and such as the Suruluours and Suruinor of them shall, from tyme to tyme elect, and chuse, to make up the aforesaid Number of fourtie Persons, when, and as often as any of them, or any of their Successors shall happen to decease, or to be removed from being of the said Councill, shall be in, and by these Presents, incorporated to have a perpetual Succession for ever, in Deed, Fact, and Name, and shall be one Bodye corporate and politicque; and that those, and such said Persons, and their Successors, and such as shall be elected and chosen to succeed them as aforesaid, shall be, and by these Presents are, and be incorporated, named, and called by the Name of the Councill established at Plymouth, in the County of Devon, for the planting, ruling, and governing of New-England, in America; and them the said Duke of Lenox, Marquess Buckingham, Marquess Hamilton, Earle of Pembroke, Earle of Arundell, Earle of hathe, Earle of Southampton, Earle of Salisbury, Earle of Warwick, Viscount Haddington, Lord Zouch, Lord Sheffleld, Lord Gorges, Sir Edward Seymour, Sir Robert Mansell, Sir Edward Zouch, Sir Dudley Diggs, Sir Thomas Roe, Sir fferdinando Gorges, Sir ffrancis Popham, Sir John Brooks, Sir Thomas Gates, Sir Richard Hawkins, Sir Richard Edgcombe, Sir Allen Apsley, Sir Warwick Heale, Sir Richard Catchmay, Sir John Bourchier, Sir Nathaniell Rich, Sir Edward Giles, Sir Giles Mompesson, Sir Thomas Wroth, Knights; Matthew Suttcliffe, Robert Heath, Henry Bourchier, John Drake, Rawleigh Gilbert, George Chudley, Thomas Haymon, and John Argall, Esqrs. and their successors, one Body corporate and politick, in Deed and Name, by the Name of the Councell established att Plymouth, in the County of Devon for the planting, ruling, and governing of New-England, in America. Wee do by these Presents, for Us, our Heyres and Successors, really and fully incorporate, erect, ordaine. name, constitute, and establish, and that by the same Name of the said Councill, they and their Successors for ever hereafter be incorporated, named, and called, and shall by the same Name have perpetual Succession. And further, Wee do hereby for Us, our Heires and Successors, grant unto the said Councill established aft Plymouth, that they and their Successors, by the same Name, be and shall be, and shall continue Persons able and capable in the Law, from time to time, and shall by that Name, of Councill aforesaid, have full Power and Authority, and lawful Capacity and Habilily, as well to purchase, take, hold, receive, enjoy, and to have, and their Successors for ever, any Manors, Lands, Tenements, Rents, Royalties, Privileges, Immunities, Reversions, Annuities, Hereditaments, Goods, and Chattles whatsoever, of or from Us, our Heirs, and Successors, and of or from any other Person or Persons whatsoever, as well in and within this our Realme, of England, as in and within any other Place or Places whatsoever or wheresoever; and the same Manors, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, Goods or Chattles, or any of them, by the same Name to alien and sell, or to do, execute, ordaine and performe all other Matters and Things whatsoever to the said Incorporation and Plantation concerning and-belonging.
And further, our Will and Pleasure is, that the said Councill, for the time being, and their Successors, shall have full Power and lawful authority, by the Name aforesaid, to sue, and be sued; implead, and to be impleaded; answer, and to be answered, unto all Manner of Courts and Places that now are, or hereafter shall be, within this our Realme and elsewhere, as well temporal as spiritual, in all Manner of Suits and Matters whatsoever, and of what Nature or Kinde soever such Suite or Action be or shall be. And our Will and Pleasure is, that the said flourty Persons, or the greater Number of them, shall and may, from time to time, and at any time hereafter, at their owne Will and Pleasure, according to the Laws, Ordinances, and Orders of or by them, or by the greater Part of them, hereafter in Manner and forme in these Presents mentioned, to be agreed upon, to elect and choose amongst themselves one of the said dourty Persons for the Time being, to be President of the said Councill, which President soe elected and chosen, Wee will, shall continue and be President of the said Councill for so long a Time as by the Orders of the said Councill, from time to time to be made, as hereafter is mentioned, shall be thought fitt, and no longer; unto which President, or in his Absence, to any such Person as by the Order of the said Councill shall be thereunto appointed, Wee do give Authority to give Order for the warning of the said Council, and summoning the Company to their Meetings. And our Will and Pleasure is, that from time to time, when and so often as any of the Councill shall happen to decease, or to be removed from being of the said Councell, that then, and so often, the Survivors of them the said Councill, and no other, or the greater Number of them, who then shall be from time to time left and remaininge, and who shall, or the greater Number of which that shall be assembled at a public Court or Meeting to be held for the said Company, shall elect and choose one or more other Person or Persons to be of the said Councill, and which from time to time shall be of the said Councill, so that the Number of Bounty Persons of the said Councill may from time to time be supplied: Provided always that as well the Persons herein named to be of the said Councill, as every other Councellor hereafter to be elected, shall be prevented Lord Chancellor of England, or to the Lord High Treasurer of England, or to the Lord Chamberlaine of the Household of Us, our Heires and Successors for the Time being, to take his and their Oath and Oathes of a Councellor and Councellors to Us, our Heirs and Successors, for the said Company and Collonye in New-England.
And further, Wee will and grant by these Presents, for Us, our Heires and Successors, unto the said Councill and their Successors, that they and their Successors shall have and enjoy for ever a Common Seale, to be engraver according to their Discretions; and that it shall be lawfull for them to appoint whatever Seale or Seales, they shall think most meete and necessary, either for their Use, as they are one united Body incorporate here, or for the publick of their Gouvernour and Ministers of New-England aforesaid, whereby the Incorporation may or shall scale any Manner of Instrument touching the same Corporation, and the Manors, Lands, Tenements, Rents, Reversions, Annuities, Hereditaments, Goods, Chattles, Affaires, and any other Things belonging unto, or in any wise appertaininge, touching, or concerning the said Councill and their Successors, or concerning the said Corporation and plantation in and by these our Letters-Patents as aforesaid founded, erected, and established.
And Wee do further by these Presents, for Us, our Heires and Successors, grant unto the said Councill and their Successors, that it shall and may be lawfull to and for the said Councill, and their Successors for the Time being, in their discretions, from time to time to admits such and so many Person and Persons to be made free and enabled to trade traffick unto, within, and in New-England aforesaid, and unto every Part and Parcell thereof, or to have, possess, or enjoy, any Lands or Hereditaments in New-England aforesaid, as they shall think fitt, according to the Laws, Orders, Constitutions, and Ordinances, by the said Councill and their Successors from time to time to be made and established by Virtue of, and according to the true Intent of these Presents, and under such Conditions, Reservations, and agreements as the said Councill shall set downe, order and direct, and not otherwise. And further, of our especiall Grace, certaine Knowlege, and mere Motion, for Us, our Heires and Successors, Wee do by these Presents give and grant full Power and Authority to the said Councill and their Successors, that the said Councill for the Time being, or the greater Part of them, shall and may, from time to time, nominate, make, constitute, ordaine, and confirms by such Name or Names, Style or Styles, as to them shall seeme Good; and likewise to revoke, discharge, change, and alter, as well all and singular, Governors, Officers, and Ministers, which hereafter-shall be by them thought fill and needful to be made or used, as well to attend the Business of the said Company here, as for the Government of the said Collony and Plantation, and also to make, ordaine, and establish all Manner of Orders, Laws, Directions, Instructions, Forms, and Ceremonies of Government and Magistracy fitt and necessary for and concerning the Government of the said Collony and Plantation, so always as the same be not contrary to the Laws and Statutes of this our Realme of England, and the same att all Times hereafter to abrogate, revoke, or change, not only within the Precincts of the said Collony, but also upon the Seas in going and coming to and from the said Collony, as they in their good Discretions shall thinke to be fittest for the good of the Adenturers and Inhabitants there.
And Wee do further of our especiall Grace, certaine Knowledge, and mere Motion, grant, declare, and ordain, that such principall Governor, as from time to time shall be authorized and appointed in Manner and Forme in these Presents heretofore expressed, shall haue full Power and Authority to use and exercise marshall Laws in Cases of Rebellion, Insurrection and Mutiny in as large and ample Manner as our Lieutenants in our Counties within our Realme of England have or ought to have by Force of their Commission of Lieutenancy. And for as much as it shall be necessary for all our lovinge Subjects as shall inhabit within the said Precincts of New-England aforesaid, to determine to live together in the Feare and true Worship of Allmighty God, Christian Peace, and civil Quietness, each with other, whereby every one may with more Safety, Pleasure, and Profist, enjoye that whereunto they shall attaine with great Pain and Perill, Wee, for Us, our Heires and Successors, are likewise pleased and contented, and by these Presents do give and grant unto the said Council and their Successors, and to such Governors, Officers, and Ministers, as shall be by the said Councill constituted and appointed according to the Natures and Limitts of their Offices and Places respectively, that they shall and may, from time to time for ever heerafter, within the said Precincts of New-England, or in the Way by the Seas thither, and from thence have full and absolute Power and Authority to correct, punish, pardon, governe, and rule all such the Subjects of Us, our Heires and Successors, as shall from time to time adventure themselves in any Voyage thither, or that shall aft any Time heerafter inhabit in the Precincts or Territories of the said Collony as aforesaid, according to such Laws, Orders, Ordinances, Directions, and Instructions as by the said Councill aforesaid shall be established; and in Defect thereof, in Cases of Necessity, according to the good Discretions of the said Governors and Officers respectively, as well in Cases capital and criminal, as civill, both marine and others, so allways as the said Statutes, Ordinances, and Proceedings, as near as conveniently may be, agreeable to the Laws, Statutes, Government and Policie of this our Realme of England. And furthermore, if any Person or Persons,-Adventurers or Planters of the said Collony, or any other, aft any Time or Times heereafter, shall transport any Moneys, Goods, or Merchandizes, out of any of our Kingdoms, with a Pretence or Purpose to land, sell, or otherwise dispose of the same within the Limitts and Bounds of the said Collony, and yet nevertheless being att Sea, or after he hath landed within any Part of the said Collony shall carry the same into any other fforaigne Country with a Purpose there to sell and dispose thereof, that then all the Goods and Chattles of the said Person or Persons so offending and transported, together with the Ship or Vessell wherein such Transportation was made, shall be forfeited to Us, our Heires and Successors.
And Wee do further of our especial Grace, certaine Knowledge, and meere Motion for Us, our Heirs and Successors for and in Respect of the Considerations aforesaid, and for divers other good Causes and Considerations, us thereunto especially moving, and by the Advice of the Lords and Others of our said Privy Councill have absolutely giuen, granted, and confirmed, and do by these Presents absolutely give, grant, and confirm unto the said Councill, called the Counceil established att Plymouth in the County of Devon for the planting, ruling, and governing of New-England in America, and unto their Successors for ever, all the aforesaid Lands and Grounds, Continent, Precinct, Place, Places and Territoryes, viz, the aforesaid Part of America, lying, and being in Breadth from ffourty Degrees of Northerly Latitude from the Equinoctiall Line, to ffourty-eight Degrees of the said Northerly Latitude inclusively, and in Length of, and within all the Breadth aforesaid, throughout the Maine Land from Sea to Sea, together also, with the Firme Lands, Soyles, Grounds Havens, Ports, Rivers, Waters, Fishings, Mines, and Mineralls, as well Royall Mines of Gold and Silver, as other Mine and Mineralls, precious Stones, Quarries, and all, and singular other Comodities, Jurisdictions, Royalties, Priveliges, Franchises, and Preheminences, both within the same Tract of Land upon the Maine, and also within the said Islands and Seas adjoining: Provided always, that the said Islands, or any of the Premises herein before mentioned, and by these Presents intended and meant to be granted, be not actually possessed or inhabited by any other Christian Prince or Estate, nor he within the Bounds, Limitts, or Territoryes, of that Southern Collony Heretofore by us granted to be planted by diverse of our loving Subjects in the South Parts, to have and to hold, possess and enjoy, all, and singular, the aforesaid Continent, Lands, Territoryes, Islands, Hereditaments and Precincts, Sea Waters, Fishings, with all, and all Manner their Commodities, Royalties, Liberties, Preheminences and Profitts, that shall arise from thence, with all and singular. their Appertenances, and every Part and Parcell thereof, and of them, to and unto the said Councell and their Successors and Assignes for ever, to the sole only and proper Use, Benefit and Behooffe of them the said Council and their Successors and Assignes for ever, to be holden of Us, our Heires, and Successors, as of our Manor of East-Greenwich, in our County of Kent, in free and common Soccage and not in in Capite, nor by Knight's Service; yielding and paying therefore to Us, our Heires, our Successors, the fifth Part, of the Ores of Gold and Silver, which from time to time, and aft all times hereafter, shall happen to be found, gotten, had, and obtained, in or within any the said Lands, Limitts, Territoryes, and Precincts, or in or within any Part or Parcell thereof, for, or in Respect of all, and all Manner of Dutys, Demands, and Services whatsoever, to be done, made, or paid to Us, our Heires, and Successors.
And Wee do further of our especiall Grace, certaine Knowledge and meere Motion, for Us, and our Heires, and Successors, give and grant to the said Councell, and their Successors for ever by these Presents, that it shall be lawfull and free for them and their Assignes, att all and every time and times hereafter, out of our Realmes or Dominions whatsoever, to take, load, carry, and transport in, and into their Voyages, and for, and towards the said Plantation in New-England, all such and so many of our loveing Subjects, or any other Strangers that will become our loving Subjects, and live under our Allegiance, as shall willingly accompany them in the said Voyages and Plantation, with Shipping, Armour, Weapons, Ordinances, Munition, Shott, Victuals, and all Manner of Cloathing, Implements, Furniture, Beasts, Cattle, Horses, Mares, and all other Things necessary for the said Plantation, and for their Use and Defence, and for Trade with the People there, and in passing and returning to and fro, without paving or yielding, any Custom or Subsidie either inwards or outwards, to Us, our Heires, or Successors, for the same, for the Space of seven Years, from the Day of the Date of these Presents, provided, that none of the said Persons be such as shall be hereafter by special Name restrained by Us, our Heire, or Successors.
And for their further Encouragement, of our especial Grace and Favor, Wee do by these Presents for Us, our Heires, and Successors, yield and grant, to and with the said Councill and their Successors, and every of them, their Factors and Assignes, that they and every of them, shall be free and quits from all Subsidies and Customes in NewEngland for the Space of seven Years, and from all Taxes and Impositions for the Space of twenty and one Yeares, upon all Goods and Merchandizes aft any time or times hereafter, either upon Importation thither, or Exportation from thence into our Realme of England, or into any our Dominions by the said Councill and their Successors their Deputies, Factors, and Assignes, or any of them, except only the five Pounds per Cent. due for Custome upon all such Goods and Merchandizes, as shall be brot and imported into our Realme of England, or any other of our Dominions, according to the ancient Trade of Marchants; which five Pounds per Cent. only being paid, it shall be thenceforth lawful and free for the said Adventurers, the same Goods and Merchandize to export and carry out of our said Dominions into fforraigne Parts, without any Custom, Tax, or other Duty to be paid to Us, our Heires, or Successors, or to any other Officers or Ministers of Us, our Heires, or Successors; provided, that the said Goods and Merchandizes be shipped out within thirteene Months after theire first Landing within any Part of those Dominions.
And further our Will and Pleasure is, and Wee do by these Presents charge, comand, warrant, and authorize the said Councill, and their Successors, or the major Part of them, which shall be present and assembled for that Purpose, shall from time to time under their comon Seale, distribute, convey, assigne, and sett over, such particular Portions of Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, as are by these Presents, formerly granted unto each our loveing Subjects, naturally borne or Denisons, or others, as well Adventurers as Planters, as by the said Company upon a Comission of Survey and. Distribution, executed and returned for that Purpose, shall be named, appointed, and allowed, wherein our Will and Pleasure is, that Respect be had as well to the Proportion of the Adventurers, as to the special Service, Hazard, Exploit, or Meritt of any Person so to be recompensed, advanced, or rewarded, and wee do also, for Us, our Heires, and Successors, grant to the said Councell and their Successors and to all and every such Governours, other Officers, or Ministers, as by the said Councill shall be appointed to have Power and Authority of Government and Command in and over the said Collony and Plantation, that they and every of them, shall, and lawfully may, from time to time, and aft all Times hereafter for ever, for their severall Defence and Safety, encounter, expulse, repel, and resist by Force of Arms, as well by Sea as by Land, and all Ways and Meanes whatsoever, all such Person and Persons, as without the speciall Licence of the said Councell and their Successors, or the greater Part of them, shall attempt to inhabitt within the said severall Precincts and Limitts of the said Collony and Plantation. And also all, and every such Person or Persons whatsoever, as shall enterprise or attempt att any time hereafter Destruction, Invasion, Detriment, or Annovance to the said Collony and Plantation; and that it shall be lawfull for the said Councill, and their Successors, and every of them, from Time to Time, and att all Times heereafter, and they shall have full Power and Authority, to take and surprize by all Ways and Means whatsoever, all and every such Person and Persons whatsoever, with their Ships, Goods, and other Furniture, trafficking in any Harbour, Creeke, or Place, within the Limitts and Precintes of the said Collony and Plantations, and not being allowed by the said Councill to be adventurers or Planters of the said Collony. And of our further Royall Favor, Wee have granted, and for Us, our Heires, and Successors, Wee do grant unto the said Councill and their Successors, that the said Territoryes, Lands, Rivers, and Places aforesaid, or any of them, shall not be visited, frequented, or traded unto, by any other of our Subjects, or the Subjects of Us, our Heires, or Successors, either from any the Ports and Havens belonging or appertayning, or which shall belong or appertayne unto Us, our Heires, or Successors, or to any forraigne State, Prince, or Pottentate whatsoever: And therefore, Wee do hereby for Us, our Heires, and Successors, charge, command, prohibit and forbid all the Subjects of Us, our Heires, and Successors, of what Degree and Quality soever, they be, that none of them, directly, or indirectly, presume to vissitt, frequent, trade, or adventure to traffick into, or from the said Territoryes, Lands, Rivers, and Places aforesaid, or any of them other than the said Councill and their Successors, Factors, Deputys, and Assignes, unless it be with the License and Consent of the said Councill and Company first had and obtained in Writing, under the comon Seal, upon Pain of our Indignation and Imprisonment of their Bodys during the Pleasure of Us, our Heires or Successors, and the Forfeiture and Loss both of theire Ships and Goods, wheresoever they shall be found either within any of our Kingdomes or Dominions, or any other Place or Places out of our Dominions.
And for the better effecting of our said Pleasure heerein Wee do heereby for Us, our Heires and Successors, give and grant full Power and Authority unto the said Councill, and their Successors for the time being, that they by themselves, their Factors, Deputyes, or Assignes, shall and may from time to time, and at all times heereafter, attach, arrest, take, and seize all and all Manner of Ship and Ships, Goods, Wares, and Merchandizes whatsoever, which shall be bro't from or carried to the Places before mentioned, or any of them, contrary to our Will and Pleasure, before in these Presents expressed. The Moyety or one halfe of all which Forfeitures Wee do hereby for Us, our Heires and Successors, give and grant unto the said Councill, and their Successors to their own proper Use without Accompt, and the other Moyety, or halfe Part thereof, Wee will shall be and remaine to the Use of Us, our Heires and Successors. And we likewise have condiscended and granted, and by these Presents, for Us, our Heires and Successors, do condiscend, and grant to and with the said Councill and their Successors, that Wee, our Heires or Successors, shall not or will not give and grant any Lybertye, License, or Authority to any Person or Persons whatsoever, to saile, trade, or trafficke unto the aforesaid parts of New-England, without the good Will and Likinge of the said Councill, or the greater Part of them for the Time Hinge, let any their Courts to be assembled. And Wee do for us, our Heires and Successors, give and grant unto the said Councill, and their Successors, that whensoever, or so often as any Custome or Subsidie shall growe due or payable unto Us, our Heires or Successors, according to the Limitation and Appointment aforesaid by Reason of any Goods, Wares, Merchandizes, to be shipped out, or any Returne to be made of any Goods, Wares, or Merchandizes, unto or from New-England, or any the Lands Territoryes aforesaid, that then so often, and in such Case the ffarmers, Customers, and Officers of our Customes of England and Ireland, and every of them, for the Time being, upon Request made unto them by the said Councill, their Successors, Factors, or Assignes, and upon convenient Security to be given in that Behalfe, shall give and allowe unto the said Councill and their Successors, and to all Person and Persons free of the said Company as aforesaid, six Months Time for the Payment of the one halfe of all such Custome and Subsidie, as shall be due, and payable unto Us, our Heires and Successors for the same, for which these our Letterspattent, or the Duplicate, or the Enrolrnent thereof, shall be Onto our said Officers a sufficient Warrant and Discharge. Nevertheless, our Will and Pleasure is, that if any of the said Goods, Wares, and Merchandizes, which be, or shall be, aft any Time heereafter, ended and exported out of any of our Realmes aforesaid, and shall be shipped with a Purpose not to be carried to New-England aforesaid, that then such Payment, Duty, Custome, Imposition, or Forfieture, shall be paid and belong to Us, our Heires and Successors, for the said Goods, Wares, and Merchandices, so fraudulently sought to be transported, as if this our Grant had not been made nor granted: And Wee do for Us, our Heires and Successors, give and grant unto the said Councill and theire Successors for ever, by these Presents, that the said President of the said Company, or his Deputy for the Time being, or any two others of the said Councill, for the said Collony in New-England, for the Time beinge, shall and may, and aft all Times heereafter, and from time to time, have full Power and Authority, to minister and give the Oath and Oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy, or either of them, to all and every Person and Persons, which shall aft any Time and Times heereafter, goe or pass to the said Collony in New-England. And further, that it shall be likewise-be lawful for the said President, or his Deputy for the Time being, or any two others of the said Councill for the said Collony of New-England for the Time being, from time to time, and aft all Times heerafter, to minister such a formal Oath, as by their Discretion shall be reasonably devised, as well unto any Person and Persons imployed or to be imployed in, for, or touching the said Plantation, for their honest, faithfull, and just Discharge of their Service, in all such Matters as shall be committed unto them for the Good and Benefist of the said Company, Collony, and Plantation, as also unto such other Person or Persons, as the said President or his Deputy, with two others of the said Councill, shall thinke meete for the Examination or clearing of the Truth in any Cause whatsoever, concerning the said Plantation, or any Business from thence proceeding, or "hereunto belonging.
And to the End that now lewd or ill-disposed Persons, Saylors, Soldiers, Artificers, Labourers, Husbandmen, or others, which shall receive Wages, Apparel, or other Entertainment from the said Councill, or contract and agree with the said Councill to goe, and to serve, and to be imployed, in the said Plantation, in the Collony in NewEngland, do afterwards withdraw, hide, and conceale themselves, or refuse to go thither, after they have been so entertained and agreed withall; and that no Persons which shall be sent and imployed in the said Plantation, of the said Collony in New-England, upon the Charge of the said Councill, doe misbehave themselves by mutinous Seditions, or other notorious Misdemeanors, or which shall be imployed, or sent abroad by the Governour of New England or his Deputy, with any Shipp or Pinnace, for Provision for the said Collony, or for some Discovery, or other Business or Affaires concerninge the same, doe from thence either treacherously come back againe, or returne into the Realme of Englande by Stealth, or without Licence of the Governour of the said Collonv in New-England for the Time being, or be sent hither as Misdoers or Oflendors; and that none of those Persons after theire Returne from thence, being questioned by the said Councill heere, for such their Misdemeanors and Offences, do, by insolent and contemptuous Carriage in the Presence of the said Councill shew little Respect and Reverence, either to the Place or Authority in which we have placed and appointed them and others, for the clearing of their Lewdness and Misdemeanors committed in New-England, divulge vile and scandalous Reports of the Country of New-England, or of the Government or Estate of the said Plantation and Collonv, to bring the said Voyages and Plantation into Disgrace and Contempt, by Meanes whereof, not only the Adventurers and Planters already engaged in the said Plantation may be exceedingly abused and hindered, and a great number of our loveing and well-disposed Subjects, otherways well affected and inclined to joine and adventure in so noble a Christian and worthy Action may be discouraged from the same, but also the Enterprize itself may be overthrowne, which cannot miscarry without some Dishonour to Us and our Kingdome: Wee, therefore, for preventing so great and enormous Abuses and Misdemeanors, Do, by these Presents for Us, our Heires, and Successors, give and grant unto the said President or his Deputy, or such other Person or Persons, as by the Orders of the said Councill shall be appointed by Warrant under his or their Hand or Hands, to send for, or cause to-be apprehended, all and every such Person and Persons, who shall be noted, or accused, or found at any time or times hereafter to offend or misbehave themselves in any the Affaires before mentioned and expressed; and upon the Examination of any such Offender or Offenders, and just Proofe made by Oathe taken before the said Councill, of any such notorious Misdemeanours by them comitted as aforesaid, and also upon any insolent, contemptuous, or irreverent Carriage or Misbehaviour, to or against the said Councill, to be shewed or used by any such Person or Persons so called, convened, and appearing before them as aforesaid, that in all such Cases, our said Councill, or any two or more of them for the Time being, shall and may have full Power and Authority, either heere to bind them over with good Sureties for their good Behaviour, and further therein to proceed, to all Intents and Purposes as it is used in other like Cases within our Realme of England, or else at their Discretions to remand and send back the said offenders, or any of them, to the said Collony of New-England, there to be proceeded against and punished as the Governour's Deputy or Councill there for the Time being, shall think meete, or otherwise according to such Laws and Ordinances as are, and shall be, in Use there, for the well ordering and good Government of the said Collony.
And our Will and Pleasure is, and Wee do hereby declare to all Christian Kings, Princes, and States, that if any Person or Persons which shall hereafter be of the said Collony or Plantation, or any other by License or Appointment of the said Councill, or their Successors, or otherwise, shall at any time or times heereafter, rob or spoil, by Sea or by Land, or do any Hurt, Violence, or unlawfull Hostillity to any of the Subjects of Us, our Heires, or Successors, or any of the Subjects of any King, Prince, Ruler, or Governour, or State, being then in League and Amity with Us, our Heires and Successors, and that upon such Injury, or upon just Complaint of such Prince, Ruler, Governour, or State, or their Subjects, Wee, our Heires, or Successors shall make open Proclamation within any of the Ports of our Realme of England commodious for that Purpose, that the Person or Persons having committed any such Robbery or Spoile, shall within the Term limited by such a Proclamation, make full Restitution or Satisfaction of all such Injuries done, so as the said Princes or other, so complaining, may hold themselves fully satisfied and contented. And if that the said Person or Persons having committed such Robery or Spoile, shall not make or cause to be made Satisfaction accordingly within such Terme so to be limited, that then it shall be lawful for Us, our Heires, and Successors, to put the said Person or Persons our of our Allegiance and Protection; and that it shall be lawful and free for all Princes to prosecute with Hostillity the said Offenders and every of them, their, and every of their Procurers, Aidors, Abettors, and Comforters in that Behalfe. Also, Wee do for Us, our Heires, and Successors, declare by these Presents, that all and every the Persons, beinge our Subjects, which shall goe and inhabitt within the said Collony and Plantation, and every of their Children and Posterity, which shall happen to be born within the Limitts thereof, shall have and enjoy all Liberties, and ffranchizes, and Immunities of free Denizens and naturall Subjects within any of our other Dominions, to all Intents and Purposes, as if they had been abidinge and born within this our Kingdome of England, or any other our Dominions.
And lastly, because the principall Effect which we can desire or expect of this Action, is the Conversion and Reduction of the People in those Parts unto the true Worship of God and Christian Religion, in which Respect, Wee would be loath that any Person should be permitted to pass that Wee suspected to affect the Superstition of the Chh of Rome, Wee do hereby declare that it is our Will and Pleasure that none be permitted to pass, in any Voyage from time to time to be made into the said Country, but such as shall first have taken the Oathe of Supremacy; for which Purpose, Wee do by these Presents give full Power and Authority to the President of the said Councill, to tender and exhibit the said Oath to all such Persons as shall at any time be sent and imployed in the said Voyage. And Wee also for us, our Heires and Successors, do covenant and grant to and with the Councill, and their Successors, by these Presents, that if the Councill for the time being, and their Successors, or any of them, shall at any time or times heereafter, upon any Doubt which they shall conceive concerning the Strength or Validity in Law of this our present Grant, or be desirous to have the same renewed and confirmed by Us, our Heires and Successors, with Amendment of such Imperfections and Defects as shall appear fitt and necessary to the said Councill, or their Successors, to be reformed and amended on the Behalfe of Us, our Heires and Successors, and for the furthering of the Plantation and Government, or the Increase, continuing, and flourishing thereof, that then, upon the humble Petition of the said Councill for the time being, and their Successors, to us, our Heires and Successors, Wee, our Heires and Successors, shall and will forthwith make and pass under the Great Seall of England, to the said Councill and theire Successors, such further and better Assurance, of all and singular the Lands, Grounds, Royalties, Privileges, and Premisses aforesaid granted, or intended to be granted, according to our true Intent and Meaneing in these our Letters-patents, signified, declared, or mentioned, as by the learned Councill of Us, our Heires, and Successors, and of the said Company and theire Successors shall, in that Behalfe, be reasonably devised or advised. And further our Will and Pleasure is, that in all Questions and Doubts, that shall arise upon any Difficulty of Instruction or Interpretation of any Thing contained in these our Letters-pattents, the same shall be taken and Interpreted in most ample and beneficial Manner, for the said Council and theire Successors, and every Member thereof. And Wee do further for Us, our Heires and Successors, charge and comand all and singular Admirals, Vice-Admirals, Generals, Commanders, Captaines, Justices of Peace, Majors, Sheriffs, Bailiffs Constables, Customers, Comptrollers, Waiters, Searchers, and all the Officers of Us, our Heires and Successors, whatsoever to be from time to time, and att all times heereafter, in all Things aiding, helping, and assisting unto the said Councill, and their Successors, and unto every of them, upon Request and Requests by them to be made, in all Matters and Things, for the furtherance and Accomplishment of all or any the Matters and Things by Us, in and by these our Letters-pattents, given, granted, and provided, or by Us meant or intended to be given, granted, and provided, as they our said Officers, and the Officers of Us, our Heires and Successors, do tender our Pleasure, and will avoid the contrary att their Perills. And Wee also do by these Presents, ratifye and confirm unto the said Councill and their Successors, all Priveliges, Franchises, Liberties, Immunities granted in our said former Letters-patents, and not in these our Letters-patents revoked, altered, changed or abridged, altho' Expressed, Mentioned, &c.
In Witness, &c.
Witnes our selfe at Westminster, the Third Day of November, in the Eighteenth Yeare of our Reign over England, &c.
Par Breve de Privato Sigillo, &c.
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All above RED/Highlights mine for emphasis
Note: GOD= King of England; Corporation and plantation; Adenturers and Inhabitants
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| ... for health and navigation; and every purchaser and adventurer shall, by lot, ... And forasmuch, as it is usual with the planters to over-reach the poor ... |
The Avalon Project : The Third Charter of Virginia; March 12, 1611 |
| ... and Company of Adventurers and Planters of the city of London for the first .... been promised in Adventure, for the Advancement of the said Plantation, ... |
The Avalon Project : The Second Charter of Virginia; May 23, 1609 |
| AND furthermore, if any Person or Persons, Adventurers or Planters of the said ... which shall at any Time or Times hereafter adventure any Sum or Sums of ... |
The Avalon Project : The Charter of New England : 1620 |
| And furthermore, if any Person or Persons,-Adventurers or Planters of the .... trade, or adventure to traffick into, or from the said Territoryes, Lands, ... |
Avalon Project - Grant of Laconia to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and ... |
| ... of and take in to adventure and join with them in their plantation, traffics, .... factors, tenants, and planters of their colonies in any of the ports, ... |
The Avalon Project : Quintipartite Deed of Revision, Between E ... |
| ... as shall at any time adventure themselves into the said port and places, ..... made and granted to any planter or planters now in actual possession of ... |
Avalon Project - Life, Trial and Execution of Captain John Brown; 1859 |
| ... to be separated and sold to the cotton and rice planters at the South. ..... The next prominent adventure of John Brown was the battle of Ossawatomie, ... |
Avalon Project - Notes on the State of Virginia |
| ... granted to any adventurer: to be held of the king and his successors, ...... A petition of the planters of Virginia against the grant to Lord Baltimore. ... |
Andersonville : A Story of Rebel Military Prisons by - Avalon ... |
| Hundreds of times I dreamed I was again at the "Planter's. ...... Fables," the "Arabian Nights," and a hundred books of travel and adventure told of. ... |
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The Virginia CompanyThe company was designated as "The Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and web.ukonline.co.uk/lordcornell/iwhr/v... - Cached - Similar Disturbing the universe - Google Books ResultFreeman J. Dyson - 1981 - 304 pages Three weeks later, on July 1, 1620, an agreement was signed between the Planters books.google.com/books?isbn=0465016774 CFA Ancient PlantersFor more information on Ancient Planters, please visit the ORDER OF DESCENDANTS www.chapmanfamilies.org/hist_planters ... - Cached - Similar planter: Definition from Answers.comThus, the founders of Plymouth Plantation called themselves "adventurers and www.answers.com/topic/planter - Cached - Similar Christian communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe adventurers & planters doe agree, that every person that goeth being aged 16 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_commu... - Cached - Similar The Third Virginia Charter - March 12, 1612Aug 9, 2000 ... Whereas at the humble suite of divers and sundry our lovinge subjects, aswell homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~tmet... - Cached - Similar The original lists of persons of quality: emigrants; religious ... - Google Books ResultJohn Camden Hotten - 2007 - 580 pages Grant of Incorporation, by the name of the Treasurer and Company of Adventurers books.google.com/books?isbn=0788418149 The Avalon Project : The Third Charter of Virginia; March 12, 1611WHEREAS at the humble Suit of divers and sundry our loving Subjects, as well avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/va03 ... - Cached - Similar Third Charter of Virginia , 1612Whereas at the humble suite of divers and sundry our lovinge subjects, aswell |
Old Cape Cod; The Land, the Men, the Sea - Google Books Result
Mary Rogers Bangs - 2009 - 328 pages
Their agreement set forth that: "The Adventurers and Planters do agree that
every person that goeth, being aged sixteen years and upward, be rated at ten
books.google.com/books?isbn=111598750X
planter: Definition from Answers.com
Thus, the founders of Plymouth Plantation called themselves "adventurers and
planters" in a document drawn up on the eve of their departure for New England
...
www.answers.com/topic/planter . - Cached - Similar
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Christian communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe adventurers & planters doe agree, that every person that goeth being aged 16 |
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Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk
The members of this extensive list were "incorporated by the name of The Tresorer and Companie of Adventurers and Planters of the Citty of ...
7 KB (706 words) - 00:22, 16 September 2010
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be equally divided betwixte ye adventurers, and planters; wch done, ... The secular planters resented having to share their harvest with ...
67 KB (10,671 words) - 23:13, 25 November 2010
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Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652
The new owners were known as "planters". The Adventurers were financiers who had loaned the Parliament £10 million in 1642 , specifically ...
12 KB (1,803 words) - 15:35, 12 November 2010
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Thomas Graves was one of the original Adventurers (stockholders) of the Virginia Company of London, and one of the very early Planters ...
4 KB (653 words) - 12:07, 31 December 2009
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and Edward Maria Wingfield, adventurers of and for our city of London... ... Company of London Adventurers and Planters of the City of London ...
76 KB (11,965 words) - 16:01, 23 November 2010
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Banyan Drive (section Adventurers)
still bear the names of the planters, honor movie stars, religious leaders, political leaders, famous authors, adventurers and local Hawaiians. ...
6 KB (930 words) - 22:51, 5 October 2010
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The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles: With the Names of the Adventurers, Planters, and Governours from ...
15 KB (2,334 words) - 18:49, 21 October 2010
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html | title The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles: With the Names of the Adventurers, Planters, and ...
20 KB (2,677 words) - 15:32, 21 November 2010
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and also a "Virginia adventurer," an investor who ventured his ... Among the "planters," who emigrated in the 1640s, was Digges's son Edward ...
5 KB (703 words) - 02:52, 16 September 2010
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History of the New Jersey State Constitution
Meaning of us the Lords Proprietors, and Explanation of There Concessions Made to the Adventurers and Planters of New Caesarea or New Jersey ...
5 KB (802 words) - 17:39, 12 July 2010
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Ancient planter (section List of ancient planters?)
"Ancient planter" is a term applied to colonists who migrated to the Plantation of ... Planters who arrived later than 1616 were entitled to ...
7 KB (1,019 words) - 13:53, 25 September 2010
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Filmography : Birds of Prey (1930) ... The Adventurers (1951) Home at Seven (1952) Angels One Five ... The Planter's Wife (1952) The Cruel Sea (1953) ...
11 KB (1,322 words) - 08:45, 18 November 2010
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Royal Adventurers, who had a monopoly in the slave trade to the islands ... with seven hundred planters and their slaves, marking the ...
4 KB (590 words) - 03:59, 22 June 2010
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Harbour Grace, created by the Bristol Society of Merchant-Adventurers. ... Formwalt’s planters are in the top 4.5 percent of landowners, ...
29 KB (4,220 words) - 13:47, 25 November 2010
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List of Ordinances and Acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660
23 June 1654 Ordinance for the further encouragement of the Adventurers for Lands in Ireland, and of the soldiers and other Planters there ...
182 KB (31,399 words) - 15:31, 31 October 2010
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History of Roman Catholicism in Ireland
and Act for the Satisfaction of Adventurers in Lands and Arrears due ... To determine where the planters were to be settled and where the ...
71 KB (11,009 words) - 22:50, 20 November 2010
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Cicely "Reynolds" Bailey Jordan Farrar
See Adventurers of Purse & Person (in most genealogical libraries) ... No lineage society such as Jamestown Society, Ancient Planters, or ...
9 KB (1,428 words) - 05:59, 14 November 2010
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Meaning of us the Lords Proprietors, and Explanation of There Concessions Made to the Adventurers and Planters of New Caesarea or New Jersey ...
9 KB (1,099 words) - 03:32, 23 August 2010
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Meaning of us the Lords Proprietors, and Explanation of There Concessions Made to the Adventurers and Planters of New Caesarea or New Jersey ...
7 KB (972 words) - 06:10, 19 October 2010
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then granted by Crown authority to colonists ("planters") from Britain . ... when it passed the Adventurers Act , which raised loans secured ...
40 KB (5,946 words) - 19:02, 27 November 2010
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Adventurers Act
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland
Plantations of Ireland
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The traditional counties of Ireland subjected to British plantations (1556 to 1620). Note that this map is a simplified one, as the amount of land actually colonised did not cover the entire shaded area
Plantations in 16th and 17th century Ireland were the confiscation of land by the British crown and the colonisation of this land with settlers from England and Scotland.
The Plantations were established throughout the country by the confiscation of lands occupied by Gaelic clans and Hiberno-Norman dynasties, but principally in the provinces of Munster and Ulster. The lands were then granted by Crown authority to colonists ("planters") from Britain. This process began during the reign of Henry VIII and continued under Mary I and Elizabeth I. It was accelerated under James I, Charles I and Cromwell.
The early plantations in the 16th century tended to be based on small "exemplary" colonies. The later plantations were based on mass confiscations of land from Irish landowners and the subsequent importation of large numbers of settlers from England, Scotland and Wales.
The final official plantations took place under the English Commonwealth and Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate during the 1650s, when thousands of Parliamentarian soldiers were settled in Ireland. Outside of the plantations, significant migration into Ireland continued well into the 18th century, from both Britain and continental Europe.
The plantations changed the demography of Ireland by creating large communities with a British and Protestant identity. These communities replaced the older Catholic elite who shared a common Irish identity and set of political attitudes.[1] The physical and economic nature of Irish society was also changed, as new concepts of ownership, trade and credit were introduced. These changes led to the creation of a British Protestant ruling class, which secured the authority of Crown government in Ireland during the 17th century.
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Early Plantations (1556–1576)
Political boundaries in Ireland in 1450, before the plantations
The early Plantations of Ireland occurred during the Tudor conquest of Ireland. The Crown government at Dublin intended to pacify and Anglicise the country under English rule and incorporate the native ruling classes into the English aristocracy. Ireland was to become a peaceful and reliable possession, without risk of rebellion or foreign invasion. The Plantations were to play a major part in this policy.
To this end, two forms of plantation were adopted in the first half of the 16th century. The first was the "exemplary plantation", in which small colonies of English would provide model farming communities that the Irish could emulate. One such colony was planted in the late 1560s, at Kerrycurrihy near Cork city, on land leased from the Earl of Desmond.[2]
The second form set the trend for future English policy in Ireland. It was punitive in nature, as it provided for the plantation of English settlers on lands confiscated following the suppression of rebellion. The first such scheme was the Plantation of King's County (now Offaly) and Queen's County (now Laois) in 1556, naming them after the new Catholic monarchs Philip and Mary respectively. The O’Moore and O’Connor clans, which occupied the area, had traditionally raided the English-ruled Pale around Dublin. The Lord Deputy of Ireland, the Earl of Sussex, ordered that they be dispossessed and replaced with an English settlement. However, the plantation was not a great success. The O’Moores and O’Connors retreated to the hills and bogs and fought a local war against the settlement for much of the following 40 years. In 1578, the English finally subdued the displaced O’Moore clan by massacring most of their fine (or ruling families) at Mullaghmast in Laois, having invited them there for peace talks. Rory Óg Ó Moore, the leader of rebellion in the area, was also hunted down and killed later that year. The ongoing violence meant that the authorities had difficulty in attracting people to settle in their new plantation and settlement ended up clustered around a series of military fortifications.[3][4]
Another failed plantation occurred in eastern Ulster in the 1570s. The east of the province (occupied by the MacDonnells and Clandeboye O’Neills) was intended to be colonised with English planters, to put a barrier between the Gaels of Ireland and Scotland and to stop the flow of Scottish mercenaries into Ireland. The conquest of east Ulster was contracted out to the Earl of Essex and Sir Thomas Smith. The O’Neill chieftain, Turlough Luineach O'Neill, fearing an English bridgehead in Ulster, helped his O’Neill kinsmen of Clandeboye. The MacDonnells in Antrim, led by Sorley Boy MacDonnell were also able to call on reinforcements from their kinsmen in the Western Isles and Highlands of Scotland.[5]
The plantation eventually degenerated into a series of atrocities against the local civilian population before finally being abandoned. Brian MacPhelim O’Neill of Clandeboye, his wife and 200 clansmen were murdered at a feast organised by Essex in 1574. In 1575, Francis Drake (later victor over the Spanish Armada, then in the pay of the Earl of Essex) participated in a naval expedition that culminated in the massacre of 500 MacDonnell clans-people in a surprise raid on Rathlin Island, though according to Harry Kelsey: 'Drake's own role in the massacre is unclear'.[6]
The following year, Elizabeth I, disturbed by the killing of civilians, called a halt.[7]
Munster Plantation (1586 onwards)
The Munster Plantation of the 1580s was the first mass plantation in Ireland . It was instituted as punishment for the Desmond Rebellions, when the Geraldine Earl of Desmond had rebelled against English interference in Munster. The Desmond dynasty was annihilated in the aftermath of the Second Desmond Rebellion (1579–83) and their estates were confiscated. This gave the English authorities the opportunity to settle the province with colonists from England and Wales, who, it was hoped, would be a bulwark against further rebellions. In 1584, the Surveyor General of Ireland, Sir Valentine Browne and a commission surveyed Munster, to allocate confiscated lands to English Undertakers (wealthy colonists who "undertook" to import tenants from England to work their new lands). The Undertakers were also supposed to build new towns and provide for the defence of planted districts from attack.[8]
As well as the former Geraldine estates (spread through the modern counties Limerick, Cork, Kerry and Tipperary) the survey took in the lands belonging to other families and clans that had supported the rebellions in south-west Cork and Kerry. However, the settlement here was rather piecemeal because the ruling clan — the MacCarthy Mór line — argued that the rebel landowners were their subordinates and therefore the land really belonged to them. Lands were therefore granted to some Undertakers and then taken away again when native lords like the MacCarthys appealed the dispossession of their dependants.[9]
Other sectors of the plantation were equally chaotic. John Popham imported 70 tenants from Somerset, only to find that the land had already been settled by another undertaker, and he was obliged to return them home.[10] Nevertheless, 500,000 acres (2,000 km²) were planted with English colonists. It was hoped that the settlement would attract in the region of 15,000 colonists, but a report from 1589 showed that the undertakers had imported only in the region of 700 English tenants between them. It has been suggested that each tenant was the head of a household, and that he therefore represents 4-5 other people. This would put the English population in Munster at nearer to three or four thousand persons, but it was still substantially below the projected figure.[11]
The Munster Plantation was supposed to produce compact defensible settlements, but in fact, the English settlers were spread in pockets across the province, wherever land had been confiscated. Initially the Undertakers were given detachments of English soldiers to protect them, but these were abolished in the 1590s. As a result, when the Nine Years War — an Irish rebellion against English rule — came to Munster in 1598, most of the settlers were chased off their lands without a fight. They took refuge in the province's walled towns or fled back to England. However when the rebellion was put down in 1601–03, the Plantation was re-constituted by the Governor of Munster, George Carew.[12]
Ulster Plantation (1606 onwards)
Main article: Plantation of Ulster
Hugh O'Neill, who led Gaelic resistance to the English conquest of Ulster
Prior to its conquest in the Nine Years War of the 1590s, Ulster was the most Gaelic part of Ireland and the only province that was completely outside English control. The war, of 1594–1603, ended with the surrender of the O’Neill and O’Donnell lords to the English crown, but was also a hugely costly and humiliating episode for the English government in Ireland. Moreover, in the short term it had been a failure, since the surrender terms given to the rebels were very generous, re-granting them much of their former lands, but under English law.[13]
However, when Hugh O'Neill and the other rebel Earls left Ireland in 1607 (the so called Flight of the Earls) to seek Spanish help for a new rebellion, the Lord Deputy, Arthur Chichester, seized the opportunity to colonise the province and declared the lands of O’Neill, O’Donnell and their followers forfeit. Initially, Chichester planned a fairly modest plantation, including large grants to native Irish lords who had sided with the English during the war. However, this plan was interrupted by the rebellion of Cahir O’Doherty of Donegal in 1608, a former ally of the English, who felt that he had not been fairly rewarded for his role in the war. The rebellion was swiftly put down and O’Doherty killed but it gave Chichester the justification for expropriating all native landowners in the province.[14]
James VI of Scotland had become King of England in 1603, uniting those two crowns –also of course gaining possession of the Kingdom of Ireland – an English possession. The Plantation of Ulster was sold to him as a joint "British", i.e. English and Scottish, venture to pacify and civilise Ulster. So at least half of the settlers would be Scots. Six counties were involved in the official plantation – Armagh, Fermanagh, Cavan, Coleraine, Donegal and Tyrone.
The plan for the plantation was determined by two factors, one was the wish to make sure the settlement could not be destroyed by rebellion as the first Munster plantation had been. This meant that, rather than settling the Planters in isolated pockets of land confiscated from convicted rebels, all of the land would be confiscated and then redistributed to create concentrations of British settlers around new towns and garrisons. What was more, the new landowners were explicitly banned from taking Irish tenants and had to import them from England and Scotland. The remaining Irish landowners were to be granted one quarter of the land in Ulster and the ordinary Irish population was supposed to be relocated to live near garrisons and Protestant churches. Moreover, the Planters were also barred from selling their lands to any Irishman.[15]
A portion of the city walls of Derry, originally built in 1613-1619 to defend the plantation settlement there.
The second major influence on the Plantation was the negotiation between various interest groups on the British side. The principal landowners were to be Undertakers, wealthy men from England and Scotland who undertook to import tenants from their own estates. They were granted around 3000 acres (12 km²) each, on condition that they settle a minimum of 48 adult males (including at least 20 families) who had to be English-speaking and Protestant. However, veterans of the war in Ireland (known as Servitors) and led by Arthur Chichester, successfully lobbied that they should be rewarded with land grants of their own. Since these former officers did not have enough private capital to fund the colonisation, their involvement was subsidised by the City of London (the financial sector in London), who were also granted their own town (Derry, now officially named Londonderry although typically called Derry in general parlance) and lands. The final major recipient of lands was the Protestant Church of Ireland, which was granted all the churches and lands previously owned by the Roman Catholic church. It was intended that clerics from England and the Pale would convert the native population to Protestantism.[16]
The plantation was a mixed success for the English. By the 1630s, there were 20,000 adult male British settlers in Ulster, which meant that the total settler population could have been as high as 80,000. They formed local majorities of the population in the Finn and Foyle valleys (around modern Derry and east Donegal) in north Armagh and east Tyrone. Moreover, there had also been substantial settlement on unofficially planted lands in north Down, led by James Hamilton and Hugh Montgomery,[17] and in south Antrim under Sir Randall MacDonnell.[18] What was more, the settler population grew rapidly as just under half of the planters were women – a very high ratio compared to contemporary Spanish settlement in Latin America or English settlement in Virginia and New England.[19][20]
However, the Irish population was neither removed nor Anglicised. In practise, the settlers did not stay on bad land, but clustered around towns and the best land. This meant that many British landowners had to take Irish tenants, contrary to the terms of the plantation. In 1609, Chichester had deported 1300 former Irish soldiers from Ulster to serve in the Swedish Army [21], but the province remained plagued with Irish bandits known as "wood-kerne" who attacked vulnerable settlers. It was said that English settlers were not safe a mile outside walled towns as native Tories plagued the forests and wolves roamed the countryside.
The attempted conversion of the Irish to Protestantism also had little effect, at first because the clerics imported were all English speakers, whereas the native population were usually monoglot Irish-Gaelic speakers. Later, the Catholic Church made a determined effort to retain its followers among the native population.[22]
Later Plantations (1610–1641)
Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. Boyle amassed huge quantites of land in southern Ireland in the early 17th century
In addition to the Ulster plantation, several other small plantations occurred under the reign of the Stuart Kings — James I and Charles I — in the early 17th century. The first of these took place in north county Wexford in 1610, where lands were confiscated from the MacMurrough-Kavanagh clan.
Lismore Castle, County Waterford, acquired by Boyle and turned from a fortress into a stately home
Since most land-owning families in Ireland had taken their estates by force in the previous four hundred years, very few of them, with the exception of the New English arrivals, had proper legal titles for them. As a result, in order to obtain such titles, they were forced to forfeit a quarter of their lands. This policy was used against the Kavanaghs in Wexford and subsequently elsewhere too, to break up Catholic Irish estates (especially the Gaelic ones) around the country. Following the precedent set in Wexford, there were other small plantations in Laois and Offaly, Longford, Leitrim and north Tipperary.[23]
To take one example of this policy; in 1621 King James I established his claims to the whole of Upper Ossory in County Laois including the manor of Offerlane. James claimed royal inheritance (from the de Clare family) at an inquisition held at Maryborough and instituted a plantation of the area in 1626. John FitzPatrick, Baron of Upper Ossory, refused to submit the manor of Castletown to the plantation. In 1537 his ancestor, Brian MacGiollapadraig, agreed to surrender Upper Ossory to King Henry VIII and was regranted the lordship under English law and in 1541 was made Baron of Upper Ossory. After John FitzPatrick's death in 1626 his son Florence continued this opposition to the plantation on his estates. However, the Fitzpatricks were eventually forced to concede a portion of their lands.
In Laois and Offally, the Tudor plantation had consisted of a chain of military garrisons, but in the new, more peaceful climate of the 17th century, it attracted large numbers of landowners, tenants and labourers. Prominent planters in Leinster in this period include Charles Coote, Adam Loftus and William Parsons.[24]
In Munster, the peaceful first half of the 17th century saw thousands more English and Welsh settlers arrive in the province. There were many small plantations in Munster in this period, as Irish lords were required to forfeit up to one third of their estates in order to get their deeds to the remainder recognised by the English authorities. The settlers became concentrated in towns along the south coast — especially Youghal, Bandon[disambiguation needed], Kinsale and Cork city. Famous English Undertakers of the Munster Plantation include Walter Raleigh, Edmund Spenser, and Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork. The latter especially made huge fortunes out of amassing Irish lands and developing them for industry and agriculture.[25]
Thomas Wentworth, who planned a major seizure of Catholic owned land in the late 1630s
The Irish Catholic upper classes were unable to stop the continued plantations in Ireland because they had been barred from public office because of their religion and had become a minority in the Irish Parliament by 1615, as a result of the creation of "pocket boroughs" (where Protestants were in the majority) in planted areas. However, they managed to temporarily halt land confiscations in 1625, by agreeing to pay for England’s war with France and Spain.[26]
In addition to the plantations, thousands of independent settlers arrived in Ireland in the early 17th century, from the Netherlands and France as well as Britain. Many of them became chief tenants of Irish land-owners, others established themselves in the towns (especially Dublin) — notably as bankers and financiers. By 1641, there were calculated to be up to 125,000 Protestant settlers in Ireland, though they were still outnumbered by native Catholics by around 15 to 1.[27]
Not all of the early 17th Century English Planters were Protestants. A considerable number of English Catholics settled in Ireland between 1603-1641 in part for economic reasons but also to escape persecution. This may seem paradoxical at first. However in the time of Elizabeth and James I the Catholics of England suffered a greater degree of persecution than English Catholics in Ireland. In England, Catholics were greatly outnumbered by Protestants and lived under constant fear of betrayal by their fellows. In Ireland however they could blend in with the local majority Catholic population in a way that was not possible in England. English Catholic planters were most common in County Kilkenny, where they may have made up half of all the British planters to arrive in this region[28]. As such it is no surprise that the sons and grandsons of English planters played a major part in the politics of the Confederation of Kilkenny in the 1640s, most notably James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven.
Plantations stayed off the political agenda until the accession of Thomas Wentworth, a close advisor of Charles I, to the position of Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632. Wentworth’s job was to raise revenue for Charles and to cement Royal control over Ireland — which meant, among other things, more plantations, both to raise money and to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry. Wentworth confiscated land in Wicklow and planned a full scale Plantation of Connacht — where all Catholic landowners would lose between a half and a quarter of their estates. The local juries were intimidated into accepting Wentworth’s settlement and when a group of Connacht landowners complained to Charles I, Wentworth had them imprisoned. However, settlement only went ahead in County Sligo and County Roscommon. Next, Wentworth surveyed the major Catholic landowners in Leinster for similar treatment, including members of the powerful Butler dynasty. Wentworth’s plans were interrupted by the outbreak of the Bishops Wars in Scotland, which eventually led to Wentworth’s execution by the English Parliament and to civil war in England and Ireland. His constant questioning of Catholic land titles was one of the major causes of the 1641 Rebellion and the principal reason why it was joined by Ireland’s wealthiest and most powerful Catholic families.[29]
The 1641 Rebellion
Main articles: Irish Rebellion of 1641 and Irish Confederate Wars
In October 1641, after a bad harvest and in a threatening political climate, Phelim O'Neill launched a rebellion, hoping to rectify various grievances of Irish Catholic landowners. However, once the rebellion was underway, the resentment of the native Irish in Ulster boiled over into indiscriminate attacks on the settler population in the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Irish Catholics attacked the plantations all around the country, but especially in Ulster. English writers at the time put the Protestant victims at over 100,000 and William Petty, in his survey of the 1650s, estimated the death toll at around 30,000. More recent research, however, based on close examination of the depositions of the Protestant refugees collected in 1642, suggests a figure of 4,000 settlers were killed directly and up to 12,000 who may have perished from disease or privation after being expelled from their homes.[30]
The Irish Catholics formed their own government, Confederate Ireland, to fight the subsequent wars, negotiating with Charles I, for, among other things, an end to the plantations and a partial reversal of the existing ones. The following ten years saw murderous fighting between the rival ethnic and religious blocks throughout Ireland until the Irish Catholics were finally crushed and the country occupied by the New Model Army in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 to 1653.
Ulster was worst hit by the wars, with massive loss of civilian life and mass displacement of people. The atrocities committed by both sides further poisoned the relationship between the settler and native communities in the province. Although peace was eventually restored to Ulster, the wounds opened in the plantation and civil war years were very slow to heal and arguably still fester in Northern Ireland today.[31]
In the 1641 Rebellion, the Munster Plantation was temporarily destroyed, just as it had been during the Nine Years War. Munster saw ten years of warfare between the planters and their descendants and the native Irish Catholics. However, the ethnic/religious divisions were less stark in Munster than in Ulster. Some of the earlier English Planters in Munster had been Roman Catholics and their descendants largely sided with the Irish in the 1640s. Conversely, some Irish noblemen who had converted to Protestantism - notably Earl Inchiquin, sided with the settler community.[32]
Cromwellian land confiscation (1652)
Main articles: Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and Act of Settlement 1652
Oliver Cromwell, under whose Commonwealth regime most Catholic land in Ireland was confiscated
The Irish Confederates had pinned their hopes on Royalist victory in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, so that they could cite their loyalty to Charles I and force him into accepting their demands - including toleration for Catholicism, Irish self-government and an end to the Plantation policy. However, Charles’ Royalists were defeated in the English Civil War by the Parliamentarians, who committed themselves to re-conquering Ireland and punishing those responsible for the rebellion of 1641. In 1649, Cromwell landed in Ireland with the New Model Army and by 1652, the conquest was all but complete. The English Parliament then published punitive terms of surrender for Catholics and Royalists in Ireland that included the mass confiscation of all Catholic owned land.[33]
Cromwell held all Irish Catholics responsible for the rebellion of 1641 and said he would deal with them according to their "respective de-merits"- meaning sanctions varying from execution in worst cases, to partial land confiscation even for those who had taken no part in the wars.[34] The Long Parliament had been committed to mass confiscation of land in Ireland since 1642, when it passed the Adventurers Act, which raised loans secured on the Irish rebels' lands that were to be confiscated. The Act of Settlement 1652 stated that anyone who had held arms against the Parliament would forfeit their lands and that even those who had not would lose three quarters of their lands – being compensated with some other lands in Connacht.[35] In practice, those Protestants who had fought for the Royalists avoided confiscation by paying fines to the Commonwealth regime, but the Irish Catholic land-owning class was utterly destroyed. In some respects, what Cromwell had achieved was the logical conclusion of the plantation process.[36]
The work was aided by the compilation of the Irish Civil Survey of 1654-5. The purpose of the survey was to secure information on the location, type, value and ownership of lands in the year 1641, before the outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. In all twenty-seven counties were surveyed and a survey produced for each. The Down Survey of 1655-6 was a measured map survey, organised by Sir William Petty, of the lands confiscated.
Over 12,000 veterans of the New Model Army were given land in Ireland in place of their wages, which the Commonwealth was unable to pay. Many of these sold their land grants to other Protestants rather than settle in war-ravaged Ireland, but 7,500 soldiers did remain in the country. They were required to keep their weapons to act as a reserve militia in case of future rebellions. Taken together with the Merchant Adventurers, probably over 10,000 Parliamentarians settled in Ireland after the civil wars. Most of these were single men however and many of them married Irish women (although banned by law from doing so). Some of the Cromwellian soldiers therefore became integrated into Irish Catholic society. In addition to the Parliamentarians, thousands of Scottish Covenanter soldiers, who had been stationed in Ulster during the war settled there permanently after its end.[37]
Some Parliamentarians had argued that all the Irish should be deported to west of the Shannon and replaced with English settlers. However, this would have required hundreds of thousands of English settlers willing to come to Ireland and such numbers of aspirant settlers just did not exist. Therefore, what actually happened was that a land-owning class of British Protestants was created, ruling over Irish Catholic tenants. A minority of the "Cromwellian" landowners were actually Parliamentarian soldiers or creditors. Most of them were pre-war Protestant settlers, who took the opportunity to attain confiscated lands. Before the wars, Catholics had owned 60% of the land in Ireland. During the Commonwealth period Catholic landownership fell to 8-9% and after some restitution in the Restoration Act of Settlement 1662, it rose to 20% again.[38]
In Ulster, the Cromwellian period eliminated those native landowners who had survived the Ulster plantation. In Munster and Leinster, the mass confiscation of Catholic owned land after the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, meant that English Protestants acquired almost all of the land holdings for the first time. In addition, some 12,000 Irish people were sold into slavery under the Commonwealth regime and another 34,000 went into exile, mostly in France or Spain.[39]
Recent research has shown that although the native Irish land-owning class was subordinated in this period, it never totally disappeared, many of its members finding niches for themselves in trade or as chief tenants on their families’ ancestral lands. [40]
Subsequent settlement
For the remainder of the 17th century, Irish Catholics tried to get the Cromwellian Act of Settlement reversed. They briefly achieved this under James II during the Williamite war in Ireland, but the Jacobite defeat there led to another round of land confiscations. The 1680s and 90s saw another major wave of settlement in Ireland (though not another plantation). The new settlers were principally composed of Scots, tens of thousands of whom fled a famine in the lowlands and border regions of Scotland to come to Ulster. It was at this point that Protestants and people of Scottish descent (who were mainly Presbyterians) became an absolute majority of the population in Ulster.[41]
Another group established in Ireland at this time were French Huguenots, who had been expelled from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Many of the Frenchmen were former soldiers, who had fought on the Williamite side in the Williamite war in Ireland. This community established themselves mainly in Dublin, where their communal graveyard can still be seen off St Stephen's Green. The numbers of this community may have reached 10,000 [42]
Long-term results
The Plantations had a profound impact on Ireland in several ways. The first was the destruction of the native ruling classes and their replacement with the Protestant Ascendancy, of British-origin (mostly English) Protestant landowners. Their position was buttressed by the Penal Laws, which denied political and most land-owning rights to Catholics and to some extent to Presbyterians. The dominance of this class in Irish life persisted until the late 18th century, and it voted for the Act of Union with Britain in 1800.
Concentration of Irish Protestants in eastern and central Ulster.
The present day partition of Ireland into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland is largely a result of the settlement patterns of the Plantations of the early 17th century. The descendants of the British Protestant settlers largely favoured a continued link with Britain, whereas the descendants of the native Irish Catholics wanted Irish independence. By 1922, Unionists were in the majority in four of the nine counties of Ulster. Consequently, following the Anglo-Irish settlement of 1921, these four counties – and two others in which they formed a sizeable minority – remained in the United Kingdom to form Northern Ireland. This new state contained a sizable Catholic minority, many of whom claimed to be descendants of those dispossessed in the Plantations. The Troubles in Northern Ireland are therefore in some respects a continuation of the conflict arising from the plantations.
The Plantations also had a major cultural impact. Gaelic Irish culture was sidelined and English replaced Irish as the language of power and business. Although, by 1700, Irish remained the majority language in Ireland, English was the dominant language for use in Parliament, the courts, and trade. In the next two centuries it was to advance westwards across the country until Irish suddenly collapsed after the Great Famine of the 1840s.
Finally, the plantations also radically altered Ireland’s ecology and physical appearance. In 1600, most of Ireland was heavily wooded, apart from the bogs. Most of the population lived in small townlands, many migrating seasonally to fresh pastures for their cattle. By 1700, Ireland’s native woodland had been decimated, having been intensively exploited by the new settlers for commercial ventures such as shipbuilding. Several native species such as the wolf had been hunted to extinction. Most of the settler population now lived in permanent towns or villages, although the Irish peasantry continued their traditional practices. Moreover, almost all of Ireland was now integrated into a market economy — although many of the poorer classes had no access to money, still paying their rents in kind or in service.
See also
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Down Survey -William Petty's survey of Irish land and population before the Cromwellian Plantations
References
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^ Padraig Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War p. 5-6, "The Gaelic Irish and Old English were increasingly seen by outsiders and defined themselves, as undifferentiatedly Irish...By the 1630s, members of the Catholic elite, whatever their paternal ancestry, shared a common identity and set of political attitudes...Conversely it is possible to speak of a contending Protestant/New English/British group. The term 'British' has validity because of its contemporary usage (in referring to grantees in the Ulster Plantation for example) and, especially, because it embraces, as it was designed to, both English and Scottish interests in Ireland...the consciousness of being a privileged minority in a hostile enviroment"
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^ Colm Lennon, Sixteenth Century Ireland, the Incomplete Conquest, p211-213
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^ Lennon p169-170
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^ Nicholas Canny, Making Ireland Briiths 1580-1650, p128-129
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^ Lennon, p276-282
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^ Harry Kelsey, ‘Drake, Sir Francis (1540–1596)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2007.
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^ Lennon p279
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^ Lennon p229-230
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^ Lennon p234
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^ Daniel Macarthy, The Letter Book of Florence MacCarthy p 16
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^ Canny, Making Ireland British, p146
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^ Canny, p162-164
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^ Leenon p 302, "Within Tyrone, his [O'Neill's] power was made absolute over the inhabitants of all ranks...Thus O'Neill was accorded virtual palatinate powers in his territory with the backing of English law, the outcome he had more or less sought at the beginning of the campaign in 1599".
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^ Canny, p184-198
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^ Padraig Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest, Ireland 1603-1727, p48
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^ Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest, p44-47
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^ A.T.Q. Stewart: The Narrow Ground: The Roots of Conflict in Ulster. London, Faber and Faber Ltd. New Edition, 1989. Page 38. Cyril Falls: The Birth of Ulster. London, Constable and Company Ltd. 1996. Pages 156-157. M. Perceval-Maxwell: The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James 1. Belfast, Ulster Historical Foundation. 1999. Page 55.
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^ Marianne Elliott: The Catholics of Ulster: A History. New York, Basic Books. 2001. Page 88.
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^ Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest p 54
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^ Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War, p7
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^ Irish Levies for the Army of Sweden (1609-1610), E. Bourke, The Irish Monthly, Vol. 46, No. 541 (Jul., 1918), pp. 396-404
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^ Canny, p429-431 and p435-436. For instance in one Ulster parish in 1622, that of Lord Grandison, 13 Irish male heads of households were attending Protestant services, but over 200 were refusing to do so.
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^ Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest, p56-57
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^ Canny p371-372
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^ Canny p211
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^ Lenihan, Confederate Catholics at War, p10-11
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^ Leniahn, Consolidating Conquest p46
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^ David Edwards,'The Origins of Sectarianism in Early Modern Ireland',pg 116
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^ Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest, p77-81
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^ John Marshal (2006). "John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture", Cambridge University Press, ISBN 052165114X, Page 58, footnote 10, "Modern historians estimate the number massacred in Ireland in 1641 at between 2,000 and 12,000."
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^ Canny 568-571
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^ Canny,570, 572
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^ Ohlmeyer, Jane and Kenyon, John (ed.s,) 1998. The Civil Wars, A Military history of England, Scotland and Ireland 1638-1660 p73-100
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^ Lenihan Confederate Catholics at War, p111
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^ Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest, p138-139
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^ Canny p558, "The Cromwellian settlement, which was the most ambitious of the plantation schemes to which Ireland was subjected, can best be understood when it is considered both as the culmination of the plantation schemes which had been ongoing since the 1580s... and as a product of English revolutionary fervour of the mid seventeenth century "
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^ Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest p134-139
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^ Leniahn, Confederate Catholics at War, p111
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^ Kenyon, Ohlmeyer, p314
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^ Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest, p140-142
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^ Lenihan, Consolidating Conquest, p200-201
Sources
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CANNY, Nicholas P, Making Ireland British 1580–1650, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001
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FORD & McCAFFERTY, The Origins of Sectarianism in Early Modern Ireland, Cambridge University Press 2005.
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LENNON, Colm, Sixteenth Century Ireland — The Incomplete Conquest, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan 1994.
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LENIHAN, Padraig, Confederate Catholics at War, Cork: Cork University Press 2000.
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MCCARTHY, Daniel, The Life and Letter book of Florence McCarthy Reagh, Tanist of Carberry, Dublin 1867.
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MACCARTHY-MORROGH, Michael, The Munster Plantation — English migration to Southern Ireland 1583–1641, Oxford: Oxford University Press 1986.
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SCOT-WHEELER, James, Cromwell in Ireland, New York 1999.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland"
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| The company was designated as "The Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and web.ukonline.co.uk/lordcornell/iwhr/v... - Cached - Similar Disturbing the universe - Google Books ResultFreeman J. Dyson - 1981 - 304 pages Three weeks later, on July 1, 1620, an agreement was signed between the Planters books.google.com/books?isbn=0465016774 CFA Ancient PlantersFor more information on Ancient Planters, please visit the ORDER OF DESCENDANTS www.chapmanfamilies.org/hist_planters ... - Cached – Similar planter: Definition from Answers.comThus, the founders of Plymouth Plantation called themselves "adventurers and www.answers.com/topic/planter - Cached - Similar Christian communism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThe adventurers & planters doe agree, that every person that goeth being aged 16 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_commu... - Cached - Similar The Third Virginia Charter - March 12, 1612Aug 9, 2000 ... Whereas at the humble suite of divers and sundry our lovinge subjects, aswell homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~tmet... - Cached - Similar The original lists of persons of quality: emigrants; religious ... - Google Books ResultJohn Camden Hotten - 2007 - 580 pages Grant of Incorporation, by the name of the Treasurer and Company of Adventurers books.google.com/books?isbn=0788418149 The Avalon Project : The Third Charter of Virginia; March 12, 1611WHEREAS at the humble Suit of divers and sundry our loving Subjects, as well avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/va03... - Cached - Similar Third Charter of Virginia , 1612Whereas at the humble suite of divers and sundry our lovinge subjects, aswell www.nhinet.org/ccs/docs/va-3.htm - Cached - Similar Old Cape Cod; The Land, the Men, the Sea - Google Books ResultMary Rogers Bangs - 2009 - 328 pages Their agreement set forth that: "The Adventurers and Planters do agree that books.google.com/books?isbn=111598750 |
| planter: Definition from Answers.com Thus, the founders of Plymouth Plantation called themselves "adventurers and |
Origin: 1619
In its earliest sense, planter meant a person who helped "plant" or found a colony, often called a plantation. Thus, the founders of Plymouth Plantation called themselves "adventurers and planters" in a document drawn up on the eve of their departure for New England in 1620.
But by then the modern meaning of planter had already begun to develop in Virginia. Ten years of precarious existence seem to have taught the English adventurers there one lesson: The way to get rich was tobacco. It was the one export crop that earned big money, and those who were planters of this crop began to become a wealthy elite. In 1619 the Virginia House of Burgesses used planters in this sense: "Provided first that the Cape Marchant do accept of the Tobacco of all and everie the Planters here in Virginia."
As they sold more tobacco and bought more land, these planters needed more laborers, so they imported African slaves in ever-increasing numbers. Planter thus became the name for an owner of a large estate worked by slave labor. At first it referred to tobacco growers in Virginia and Maryland, but by the end of the seventeenth century it was applied to owners of Plantations (1645) in general, regardless of the crop, and anywhere in the South--in fact anywhere in the tropical and sub-tropical English-speaking world.
There was another more modest early meaning for planter: any individual farmer, regardless of size or type of holdings. An article in the South Carolina Gazette of 1732 refers to "the poorer sort of Planters." But they were overshadowed, in terminology as well as trade, by wealthy owners.
In the nineteenth century, as human labor began to be replaced by mechanical, planter was the name given to a device for planting seeds.
Although labor-intensive plantations of the old sort are long gone, people still evoke the fortunate lifestyle of the plantation owner when they make planter's punch, a rum-based cocktail that is a twentieth-century invention.
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British colonization of the Americas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_colonization_of_the_Americas
(Redirected from English colonization of the Americas)
| British colonization |
British colonization of the Americas (including colonization sponsored by both the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland before the 1707 Acts of Union which created the Kingdom of Great Britain) began in the late 16th century and reached its peak when colonies had been established throughout the Americas. The British were one of the most important colonizers of the Americas, and their American empire came to rival the Spanish American colonies in military and economic might.
This British colonization caused dramatic upheaval among the indigenous civilizations in the Americas, both directly through British military force and indirectly through cultural disruption and introduced diseases. Relations between the colonists and natives varied between trade and conflict. Many of the indigenous societies had developed a warrior class and had a long history of warfare. The rapidity, silence, and ferocity of their war parties proved devastating against the colonial-style of waging war but the colonials generally emerged successful in the long term. Like the French, trade with the natives was an important part of British colonial policy but the British also heavily promoted settlement and development.
Three types of colonies existed in the British Empire in America during the height of its power in the eighteenth century. These were charter colonies, proprietary colonies and royal colonies. After the American War of Independence, British territories in the Americas were granted more responsible government until they were gradually granted independence in the twentieth century. In this way, two countries in North America, ten in the Caribbean, and one in South America have received their independence from the United Kingdom. Today, the United Kingdom retains eight overseas territories in the Americas, which it grants varying degrees of self-government. In addition, nine former British possessions in the Americas, which are now independent of the United Kingdom, are Commonwealth Realms.
Britain in the Americas (incomplete)
| |
North America
Main articles: Colonial history of the United States and History of Canada
English colonies in North America
Plaque in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, commemorating Gilbert's founding of the British overseas Empire
A number of English colonies were established under a system of independent Proprietary Governors, who were appointed under mercantile charters to English joint stock companies to found and run settlements, most notably the Virginia Company, which created the first successful English settlement at Jamestown and the second at St. George's, Bermuda.
England also took over the Dutch colony of New Netherland (including the New Amsterdam settlement) which was renamed the Province of New York in 1664. With New Netherland, the English also came to control the former New Sweden (in what is now Delaware), which the Dutch had conquered earlier. This later became part of Pennsylvania after it was established in 1680.
Scottish colonies in North America
Main article: Scottish colonization of the Americas
There was also an early unsuccessful attempt by the Kingdom of Scotland to establish a colony at Darién, and the short-lived Scottish colonization of Nova Scotia (New Scotland) from 1629 to 1632. Thousands of Scotsmen also participated in the English colonization even before the two countries were united in 1707.
British colonies in North America
See also: British America, British North America, and Thirteen Colonies
The Kingdom of Great Britain acquired the French colony of Acadia in 1713 and then Canada and the Spanish colony of Florida in 1763. After being renamed the Province of Quebec, the former French Canada was divided in two Provinces, the Canadas, consisting of the old settled country of Lower Canada (today Quebec) and the newly settled Upper Canada (today Ontario).
In the north, the Hudson's Bay Company actively traded for fur with the indigenous peoples, and had competed with French fur traders. The company came to control the entire drainage basin of Hudson Bay called Rupert's Land. The small parts of the Hudson Bay drainage which are south of the 49th parallel went to the United States in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818.
Thirteen of Great Britain's colonies rebelled with the Revolutionary War, beginning in 1775, primarily over representation, local laws and tax issues, and established the United States of America, which was recognized internationally with the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1783) on September 3 of that year (1783).
Great Britain also colonised the west coast of North America, indirectly via the Hudson's Bay Company licenses west of the Rocky Mountains, the Columbia and New Caledonia fur districts, most of which were jointly claimed as the Oregon Country by the United States from 1818 until the 49th parallel was established as the international boundary west of the Rockies by the Oregon Treaty of 1846. The colonies of Vancouver Island, founded in 1849, and the Colony of British Columbia, founded in 1858, were combined in 1866 with the name Crown Colony of British Columbia until joining Confederation in 1871. British Columbia also was expanded with the inclusion of the Stikine Territory in 1863, and upon joining Confederation with the addition of the Peace River Block, formerly part of Rupert's Land.
In 1867, the colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (the southern portion of modern-day Ontario and Quebec) combined to form a self-governing dominion, named Canada, within the British Empire. Quebec (including what is now the southern portion of Ontario) and Nova Scotia (including what is now New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island) had been ceded to Britain by the French. The colonies of Prince Edward Island and British Columbia joined over the next six years, and Newfoundland joined in 1949. Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory were ceded to Canada in 1870. This area now consists of the provinces of Manitoba (admitted after negotiation between Canada and a Métis provisional government in 1870), Saskatchewan, and Alberta (both created in 1905), as well as the Northwest Territories, the Yukon Territory (created 1898, following the start of the Klondike Gold Rush), and Nunavut (created in 1999).
List of British colonies in North America
The British Colonies in North America, 1763-1775
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Roanoke Colony, founded 1586, abandoned the next year. Second attempt in 1587 disappeared (also called the Lost Colony).
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Cuttyhunk Island, Bartholomew Gosnold established a small fort and trading post in 1602, abandoned after one month
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Virginia Company, chartered 1606 and became the Virginia Colony in 1624
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Jamestown Settlement, founded 1607.
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Bermuda, these islands, located in the North Atlantic, were first settled in 1609 by the London Virginia Company; Administration passed to The Somers Isles Company, formed by the same shareholders, in 1615. Also known officially as The Somers Isles, they remain a British overseas territory.
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Citie of Henricopolis, founded in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy Jamestown site and was destroyed in the Indian massacre of 1622.
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Popham Colony, founded 1607, abandoned 1608
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Society of Merchant Venturers (Newfoundland)
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Cuper's Cove, founded 1610, abandoned in the 1620s
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Bristol's Hope, founded 1618, abandoned in the 1630s
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London and Bristol Company (Newfoundland)
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New Cambriol, founded 1617, abandoned before 1637.
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St. John's, Newfoundland, chartered by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583; seasonal settlements ca. 1520[2]; informal year-round settlers before 1620.[3][4]
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Plymouth Council for New England
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Plymouth Colony, founded 1620, merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691
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Ferryland, Newfoundland granted to George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore in 1620, first settlers in August 1621[5]
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Province of Maine, granted 1622, sold to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1677
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South Falkland, Newfoundland, founded 1623 by Henry Cary, 1st Viscount Falkland
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Province of New Hampshire, later New Hampshire settled in 1623, see also New Hampshire Grants
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Dorchester Company Colony, (Dorchester Company planted an unsuccessful fishing colony on Cape Ann at modern Gloucester, Massachusetts in 1624)
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Salem Colony, later Salem, Massachusetts, settled in 1628, merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony the next year
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Massachusetts Bay Colony, later part of Massachusetts, founded 1629
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New Scotland, in present Nova Scotia, 1629-1632
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Connecticut Colony, later part of Connecticut founded 1633
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Province of Maryland, later Maryland, founded in 1634
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New Albion, chartered in 1634, failed by 1649-50. Not to be confused with Nova Albion on the Pacific coast (see next section).
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Saybrook Colony, founded 1635, merged with Connecticut in 1644
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Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, first settled in 1636
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New Haven Colony, founded 1638, merged with Connecticut in 1665
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Gardiners Island, founded 1639, now part of East Hampton, New York
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Province of New York, captured 1664
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Province of New Jersey, captured in 1664
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divided into West Jersey and East Jersey after 1674, each held by its own company of Proprietors.
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Province of Pennsylvania, later Pennsylvania, founded 1681 as an English colony, although first settled by Dutch and Swedes
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Delaware Colony, later Delaware, separated from Pennsylvania in 1704
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North Carolina, first settled at Roanoke in 1586, became separate colony in 1710
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Province of South Carolina, first permanent settlement in 1670, became separate colony in 1710.
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Province of Georgia, later Georgia; first settled in about 1670, formal colony in 1732
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Nova Scotia, site of abortive Scottish colony in 1629; British colony 1713, but this did not permanently include Cape Breton Island until 1758.
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Quebec, which had been called Canada under French rule. Canada was by far the most settled portion of New France. Britain gained complete control of French Canada in 1759-1761, during the Seven Years' War; France ceded title with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Became Canada East in the Province of Canada, which also included Ontario (Upper Canada) as Canada West, from 1841 to 1867.
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East Florida and West Florida, acquired from Spain in 1763 in exchange for returning Cuba, taken from Spain in 1761; the Floridas were recovered by Spain in 1783.
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Island of St. John, separated from Nova Scotia 1769, renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798
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New Brunswick, separated from Nova Scotia in 1784
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Ontario, separated from Quebec in 1791 as the Province of Upper Canada until 1841, when it became Canada West in the Province of Canada.
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Province of Canada combined the colonies of Quebec (Lower Canada) and Ontario (Upper Canada) from 1841 to 1867.
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Colony of Vancouver Island, founded by the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Victoria in 1843. Received royal charter for the Island as a colony in 1849, and merged with the colony of British Columbia in 1866.
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Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands, founded in 1852, merged with the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1863.
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Colony of British Columbia, aka the Mainland Colony or the Gold Colony, founded in 1858 from the New Caledonia fur district and the remnant of the Columbia fur district north of the 49th parallel (see below). The colony was expanded with the addition of the Stikine Territory (aka Stickeen Territory) and the Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands in 1863.
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United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, formed in 1866 from a merger of the Vancouver Island and Mainland Colonies. The name British Columbia was chosen for the newly-merged colony despite the opposition from Vancouver Island colonists.
Non-colonial British territories in North America
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Rupert's Land, territory of the Hudson's Bay Company, founded in 1670 and transferred to the new Dominion of Canada in 1867 as the Northwest Territories
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Columbia District, the trading district of the Columbia Department of the Hudson's Bay Company from 1821 to the Oregon Treaty of 1846, by which most of the Columbia District was formally annexed to the United States. HBC lands south of the 49th parallel were guaranteed by the Oregon Treaty but ownership and compensation issues were not fully resolved until 1861.
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New Caledonia, fur district. First settled in 1805, administered by Hudson's Bay Company from 1821, until incorporated as the Colony of British Columbia in 1858.
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Stikine Territory, aka Stickeen Territories, founded in 1862 in response to the Stikine Gold Rush in order to prevent an American takeover.
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North-Western Territory, a Hudson's Bay Company trading area covering lands north and northwest of Rupert's Land and, after 1863, north of the Stikine Territory's original boundary at the 62nd parallel. Its remnant was incorporated at the Yukon Territory after the part of it south of the 60th parallel was amalgamated to British Columbia.
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Nova Albion, never incorporated or settled, exact location unknown, claimed by Sir Francis Drake and one of the precedents for the British claims to the Pacific Northwest during the Oregon boundary dispute.
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the southeastern Alaska Panhandle was leased from the Russian Empire, from 1839 to 1867, until the lease was ignored by both the Russians and Americans and, subsequently, by the Canadian and the British imperial governments, despite British Columbia's protests.
Central and South America, Caribbean
British Caribbean colonies
Main articles: History of the British West Indies and History of the Caribbean
In order of settlement or founding:
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Saint Kitts - The island was settled by Sir Thomas Warner in 1623. The following year the French also settled part of St Kitts. After they massacred the Caribs, the British and French turned on each other and St Kitts changed hands between the two several times before the Treaty of Paris (1783) gave the island to Britain. It became independent as Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983.
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Barbados - The island was claimed for the British Empire in 1625, and later settled in 1627 as a proprietary colony of Anglo-Dutchman William Courten. It became an independent nation in 1966.
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Nevis - The island was permanently settled in 1628. It became independent as Saint Kitts and Nevis in 1983.
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Providence Island - part of an archipelago off the coast of Nicaragua, this island was settled in 1630 by English Puritans. The colony was conquered by the Spanish and became extinct in 1641. The island today is Providencia Island which is administered by Colombia. Providence Island was a sister colony to the more well known Massachusetts Bay Colony.
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Antigua - The island was settled in 1632. It became independent as Antigua and Barbuda in 1981
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Barbuda - The island was settled about 1632. It became independent as Antigua and Barbuda in 1981.
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Montserrat - The island was settled in 1632. It was occupied by the French in 1664-68 and 1782-84. It remains a British territory.
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Bahamas - The islands were settled from 1647. They became independent in 1973.
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Anguilla - The island was settled in 1650. Its government was united with St. Christopher from 1882 until 1967, when it declared its separation. It was brought back under British administration in 1969. It remains a British territory.
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Jamaica - The island was conquered from Spain in 1655. It became independent in 1962.
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British Virgin Islands - The islands were settled from 1666. They remain a British territory.
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Cayman Islands - The islands were acquired from Spain in 1670. It remains a British territory.
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Turks and Caicos Islands - The islands were first permanently settled in the 1750s. They remain a British territory.
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Dominica - The island was captured from the French in 1761. The French occupied it again from 1778 to 1783. Dominica became independent in 1978.
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Trinidad and Tobago - The island of Tobago was captured in 1762. The island of Trinidad was captured from the Spanish in 1797. The two governments were joined in 1888. They became independent in 1962.
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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - Saint Vincent was colonized in 1762. France captured it in 1779 but returned it to Britain in 1783. The islands were formerly part of the British colony of the British Windward Islands from 1871 to 1958. The nation gained full independence in 1979.
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Grenada - The island was conquered from France in 1762. The French reoccupied it from 1779 to 1783. It became independent in 1974.
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Saint Lucia - The island was captured from the French in 1778, but returned to them in 1783. In 1796 and in 1803 it was captured again, to be permanently annexed by Britain in 1814. Saint Lucia became independent in 1979.
British Central and South American colonies
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Belize - English adventurers starting in 1638, used Belize as a source for logwood, a tree used to make a wool dye. The area was claimed by Spain but they had not settled it or been able to control the natives. The Spanish destroyed the British colony in 1717, 1730, 1754 and 1779. The Spanish attacked a final time in 1798, but were defeated. The colony was known as 'British Honduras' until 1973, whereupon its name changed to 'Belize'. Although Guatemalan claims to Belize delayed independence, full independence was granted in 1981.[6]
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Mosquito Coast (Nicaragua's Caribbean Coast) - This area was first settled in 1630. It was briefly assigned to Honduras in 1859 along with the Bay Islands north of the country, then ceded to Nicaragua in 1860 and the area was disputed until a treaty in 1965 divided the Mosquito coast for each country.[citation needed]
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British Guiana - The English began colonies in the Guiana area in the early 17th century. In the Treaty of Breda, the Dutch gained control of these colonies. Britain later controlled various colonies in the area. The Congress of Vienna (1815) awarded the settlements of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo in the Guiana region to Great Britain; they were united as British Guiana in 1831. It became independent as Guyana in 1966.
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Falkland Islands - The first British base of 1765 was abandoned in 1776. The Islands have been under British control since the Argentine administration was expelled in 1833, save for a brief Argentine occupation during the Falklands War in 1982.
See also
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Kecoughtan, Virginia, claims to be oldest continually occupied British settlement in the U.S.
Footnotes
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^ "William Vaughan and New Cambriol". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project. Memorial University of Newfoundland. http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/cambriol.html. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
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^ Nicholas Canny, The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume I: The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century , 2001, ISBN 0-19-924676-9.
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^ "Early Settlement Schemes". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site Project. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 1998. http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/early.html. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
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^ Paul O'Neill, The Oldest City: The Story of St. John's, Newfoundland, 2003, ISBN 0-9730271-2-6.
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^ Colony of Avalon, [1], Colony of Avalon Foundation, Revised March 2002, accessed August 27, 2006
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^ "The Belize Position". Government of Belize. http://www.belize-guatemala.gov.bz/belize_position.html. Retrieved 2006-09-12.
External links
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The Modern History Sourcebook has the account of the Gilbert's trip to North America
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| Settlement | Indigenous peoples · Indigenous population · Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact · Discovery · Exploration · European colonization · Spanish colonization · French colonization · Portuguese colonization · British colonization · Columbian Exchange · Decolonization · Former colonies and territories in Canada | |||
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas"
Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008
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See; Avalon Project Concessions to the Province of Pennsylvania – July 11 1681.pdf
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/pa02.asp
See; Avalon Project Quintipartite Deed of Revision Between E and W Jersey July 1st, 1676.pdf
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nj06.asp
See; Avalon Project Life, Trial and Execution of Captain John Brown; 1859.pdf http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/john_brown.asp
See; Avalon Project Grant of Laconia to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason by the Council for New England; November 17, 1629.pdf
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/charter_003.asp
See; Avalon Project Life, Trial and Execution of Captain John Brown; 1859.pdf
http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/john_brown.asp
Oliver Cromwell’s Protectorate during the 1650s,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell
Edward Maria Wingfield
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Maria_Wingfield
| Edward Maria Wingfield |
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| Colonial Governor of Virginia | |
|---|---|
| In office | |
| Succeeded by | |
| | |
| Born | 1550 |
| Died | 1631 (aged 81) |
Captain Edward Maria Wingfield, sometimes hyphenated as Edward-Maria Wingfield, (1550, Stonely Priory, near Kimbolton – 1631)[2] was a soldier, Member of Parliament, (1593) and English colonist in America. He was the grandson of Richard Wingfield and son of Thomas Maria Wingfield. Captain John Smith wrote that Wingfield was one of the early and prime movers and organisers in 1602-1603 in "showing great charge and industry"[3] in getting the Virginia Venture moving: he was one of the four incorporators for the London Virginia Company in the Virginia Charter of 1606 and one of its biggest financial backers.[4] He recruited (with his cousin, Captain Bartholomew Gosnold) about 40 of the 105 would-be colonists, and was the only shareholder to sail. In the first election in the New World, he was elected by his peers as the President of the governing council for one year beginning May 13, 1607, of what became the first successful, English-speaking colony in the New World at Jamestown, Virginia. He chose the site, a strong defensive position against land or canoe attack, and supervised the construction of the fort in a month and a day, a mammoth task.
But after four months, on September 10, because "he ever held the men to working, watching and warding",[5] and because of lack of food, death from disease and attack by the "naturals" (during the worst famine and drought for 800 years), he was made a scapegoat, and was deposed on petty charges.[6] On the return of the Supply Boat on April 10, 1608, he was sent back to London to answer the charge of being an atheist (and one suspected of having Spanish sympathies). Smith's prime biographer, Philip L. Barbour, however, wrote of the "superlative pettiness of the charges...none of the accusations amounting to anything." Wingfield cleared his reputation, was named in the Second Virginia Charter (of 1609), and was active in the Virginia Company until the age of 70 (1620).
He died in 1631 aged 81 and was buried at St. Andrew's, Kimbolton (Cambridgeshire), England parish protestant church on April 13, just ten weeks before John Smith.[7] Wingfield played a crucial role in 1605-08; his extensive contacts (so often used to denigrate him as an aristocratic hack) and his steady input, greatly benefited the colony.
Early life and education
Early life
He was born in 1550 at Stonely Priory (dissolved ca. 1536), near Kimbolton, Huntingdonshire (now Cambridgeshire), the eldest son of Thomas Maria Wingfield, Sr. and Margaret Kay (from Woodsome near Huddersfield, Yorkshire)[8] and was raised as a Protestant[9] . His middle name, "Maria" (pronounced [mah-RYE-uh]), derived from Mary Tudor,[10] sister of King Henry VIII and not from the King's Catholic daughter (Bloody) Mary Tudor. His father, Thomas Maria Wingfield, MP (who had in 1536 renounced his calling as a priest), died when he was seven.[11] Before he was twelve, his mother married James Cruwys of Fotheringhay,[12] Northamptonshire - who became his guardian; yet the father figure in his early years appears to have been his uncle, Jaques Wingfield (one of six contemporary martial Wingfields).
Stonely Priory House is today on private land.
Colonisation in Ireland
Jaques Wingfield was from 1559-60 until his death in 1587, Master of the Ordnance in Ireland, Constable of Dublin Castle and an Irish Privy Counsellor.[9] When Edward Maria was nineteen he apparently accompanied his uncle, one of the key settlers involved in building a colony in Munster, Ireland, truly the "forging house for Virginia", with Sir Humphrey Gilbert, Sir John Popham and others.[13] His uncle held the Suffolk Manor of Wickham Skeith,[14] next to the future living of the great geographer, Richard Hakluyt, Jr. at Wetheringsett - both being some ten miles (16 km) from Letheringham Old Hall, the ancestral home of the Wingfield Family, and from Otley Hall, ancestral home of the Wingfields' cousins, the Gosnold Family (4 miles from Letheringham).
\Law school
In 1575-6 Edward Maria Wingfield returned to England, where in 1576 he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn,[15] the law school, having first passed through its "feeder", Furnivall's Inn. Before completing his legal training, the lure of the drum called him to the Low Countries.
\Soldiering in the Netherlands
Along side his brother Captain Thomas Maria Wingfield, for at least four years, Edward Maria fought as a foot company commander (i.e. commander of 100 pike-wielding soldiers) in the Low Countries for the Dutch Republic against Spanish invaders, including in 1586 at the Battle of Zutphen,[16] thereby gaining experience in the defense of forts and in skirmishing. He, his brother and Sir William Drury, were noted in the Army Roll of 1589 as "captains of success".[17] In the first half of 1588 he was taken prisoner together with the virginiaphile Sir Ferdinando Gorges (later Governor of Plymouth), at or near Bergen-op-Zoom, and was held in Spanish captivity with him, first at Ghent and then at Lille until on September 5, 1588 when ransoms were demanded.[18] Nine weeks later his brother captured two Spanish officers at Bergen, but was not permitted by the Allied Commander-in-Chief, Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby, to exchange them (though he was mysteriously paid later). He and Gorges were, however, no earlier than June 1589, released as part of a prisoner exchange.[19]
Soldiering in Ireland
In the 1590s Captain Wingfield was garrisoned at Drogheda in Ireland[20] - where commanders reported for pay, rations and munitions to the Clerk of the Cheque & Muster-Master, Colonel Sir Ralph Lane,[21] the former Deputy Governor of Sir Walter Ralegh's ill-fated 1584-86 Roanoke Colony (in modern day North Carolina). Lane was Wingfield's father's old neighbour in Orlingbury, near Kimbolton.[22]
Service in Parliament
In 1593 Wingfield was a Member of Parliament for Chippenham (Wiltshire) - one of five Wingfield family MPs - a seat obtained for him by his neighbor, Anthony Mildmay of Apethorpe, probably encouraged by Wingfield's cousin, Sir Robert Cecil. He may have sat on a committee considering cloth in March, but this (and parliament) he decided was not for him, and he returned shortly afterward to the soldier's life at Dundalk Garrison in Ireland.[23]
Kimbolton School Governor
Wingfield was a Feoffee, or Governor, of Kimbolton School in 1600[24] - which riled his old fellow-colonist from 1569 in Ireland, Sir John Popham, a keen promoter of Virginia; and indeed they clashed over getting their own men onto the school's Board of Governors.[25] Popham had just banished Sir Edward ("Ned") Wingfield to County Galway in Ireland for life, for the part he had played in the Revolt of the Earl of Essex in 1599 - doubtless telling him that this would prevent his being executed - and sequestered his house, Kimbolton Castle, sending his family off to their London house at St.Andrew's, Holborn.[26] Despite his pleas, Queen Elizabeth I never permitted Ned Wingfield to return home.[27]
Organizing the Virginia Expedition
Getting the Virginia Expedition Moving
Although Sir Thomas Gates was later hailed by Sir Edwin Sandys as the "principle forwarder" of the London Virginia Company, Captain John Smith wrote in his General Historie that, when in 1605-06 the Jamestown expedition was making no progress, Wingfield got it moving: "Captain Bartholomew Gosnold [Wingfield's second cousin], one of the first movers of this plantation, having many years solicited many of his friends, but found small assistance; Gosnold at last prevailed with some gentlemen, Capt John Smith, Mr. Edward-Maria Wingfield, Mr. Reverend Robert Hunt, and diverse others, who depended a year upon his projects, but nothing could be effected, till by their great charge and industry, it came to be apprehended by certain of the Nobility, Gentry and Merchants, so that His Majesty by his letters patents, gave permission for establishing Councils, to direct here; and to govern, and to execute there."[28] It is also likely that Cecil, Hakluyt and others were concerned that they should not have a leader like the Earl of Essex, who might set up his own kingdom in Virginia, and therefore sought out an old retired military man instead. (Bartholomew Gosnold's next brother, Captain Wingfield Gosnold, was not to sail with the expedition).[29] Conceivably Captain Gosnold (aka Gosnell) was the "Captain Gosnell" who, in 1604 at a dinner in the Isle of Wight made some "intemperate" comment about the King, so perhaps causing important people to shun him. There is no record of Smith (or indeed Hunt) doing anything special, but Gabriel Archer, who was on Gosnold's 1602 "Cape Cod Expedition", had in that year been active in recruitment in London.[30]
Wingfield was involved in fundraising and was one of the biggest backers of the venture, with family friends, Sir Thomas Gates, Sir William Waad aka Wade (Lieutenant-Governor of the Tower of London), Sir Thomas Smythe (Treasurer of the Virginia Company), John Martin, Sr., his Stonely-Huntingdon neighbor Sir Oliver Cromwell and his London neighbor, Captain John Ratcliffe, aka Sicklemore. Even Philip L. Barbour, (who was obsessively anti-Wingfield), wrote: "John Smith was unaware, always, of the importance of the lever - the legal and financial backing that got the voyage going."[31] (Back in 1602 it was Wingfield's 2nd cousin Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, who funded Bartholomew Gosnold's voyage to "discover" and name Cape Cod and Martha's Vineyard).
Recruiting settlers
In 1606, without Wingfield's input through his extensive influential contacts, it is possible that the expedition might never have sailed. In 1605-06 Wingfield and his cousin Bartholomew Gosnold, recruited about 40% of the 105 settlers.[32] Most of the would-be gentlemen settlers were impecunious younger sons without prospects, but more than a dozen gentleman (as Dr. John Horn observes), and Captain John Martin... "clearly were gentlemen with other motives, perhaps just the adventure in its own right".[33] Wingfield obtained the approval of Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, his old London vicar at St. Andrew's, Holborn, for the Reverend Robert Hunt of Old Heathfield (who was in disgrace from his arrival there in 1602 for immorality with his servant, Thomasina Plumber, and for absenteeism and thereby neglect of his congregation). This recruitment may have been with the help of Richard Hakluyt, Jr., who was also due to sail, or maybe he was volunteered by Wingfield's cousin-by-marriage the 3rd Lord De La Warr, the future Governor-General of Jamestown; and Hunt had his will witnessed by a Tristram Sicklemore, so may have already known John Sicklemore aka Ratcliffe.[34] The Archbishop's approval was dated as late as November 24, 1606 - yet, sadly, at the very last moment Hakluyt, the senior of the two priests, backed out.[35]
Catholics debarred from colonisation
Despite the fact that Lord Southampton's brother-in-law the Catholic Sir Thomas Howard, Baron Arundell and Sir Ferdinando Gorges had funded the spring 1605 expedition to Allen's Island (in modern day Newfoundland), designed to establish a colony for British Catholicism, there is absolutely no way that Wingfield or indeed Hunt, (described by Wingfield as "a man not in any way to be touched with the rebellious humours of a popish spirit, nor blemished with the least suspicion of a factious schismatic, whereof I had a special care" ), could have had Catholic or Non-conformist leanings, the more so in the wake of the previous year's Catholic Gunpowder Plot. All would-be colonists had to subscribe to the Oath of Allegiance and the Oath of Supremacy of 1559, which denied the doctrine of the Pope's authority, in both deposing rulers and in absolving Englishmen from their allegiance. Indeed the latter oath debarred Roman Catholics from participation in Anglo-American colonisation - until George Calvert founded Maryland for persecuted Catholics and Puritans in 1634.[36]
Getting the Expedition legalised
The 1606
Charter. On April 10, 1606, Wingfield was one of the eight "incorporators" of the Virginia Company,[37] who "prayed His Majesty to incorporate them, and to enable them to raise a joint stake". Divided into two missions, four men sub-incorporated as the Virginia Company of London and four as the Virginia Company of Plymouth, which would attempt to found a colony at Sagadahoc, Maine. The four for the London (Jamestown) Company, besides Wingfield, being Richard Hakluyt, Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers - (i.e. these suitors ensured the legality of the Company). They prayed His Majesty to incorporate them, and to enable them to raise a joint stake. The Charter stated: "James, by the grace of God, King of England... Whereas our loving and well disposed subjects, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Somers, Knights, Richard Hackluit, Clerk...and Edward Maria Wingfield, Esq... have been humble suitors unto us, that we would vouchsafe unto them and may in time bring the infidels and savages in those parts, to human civility, and to a settled and quiet government, Do, by these our letters patent, graciously accept of, & agree to, their humble and well intended desires....and do therefore, for Us, our heirs and successors, Grant and agree, that the said Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit, and Edward Maria Wingfield, adventurers of and for our city of London... shall and may begin their said first plantation...and seat of their first abode & habitation", etc.
Richard Hakluyt, Edward Maria Wingfield, [etc.] Adventurers... of and for our City of London, and such others as are or shall be joined unto them of that Colony... shall and may begin their said first Plantation and Seat of that first Abode and Habitation, at any place upon the said coast of Virginia, where they shall think fit and convenient between the said four and thirty and one and forty [34-41] degrees of the said Latitude...
He and his fellow incorporators were licensed by King James I to "make habitation, plantation and to deduce a colony in that part of America "commonly called Virginia, and other parts and territories not actually possessed by any Christian prince or people, between 34 and 45 degrees North and "shall and may inhabit and remain there, and shall build and fortify [there] ... "according to their best discretion"... "and shall and lawfully may ... dig, mine and search for all manner of mines... yielding to us... the fifth part only of all the same gold and silver and the fifteenth part of all the same copper... and they shall or fully may establish and cause to be made a coin, to pass current there between people... with sufficient shipping, and furniture of armour, weapons, ordnance, powder, victuals" etc... The Charter went on to say: that Wingfield, Hakluyt, Gates and Somers could "encounter, repulse or repel and resist" all persons attempting to inhabit the said colonies "without especial licence" and that anyone they caught "trafficking" i.e. trading, should pay "five of every hundred of such wares". Anyone robbing or spoiling was to make restitution. Everything was to be in effect for 25 years before reverting to the Crown and all land was to be held of the Crown.
Wingfield apparently took a copy of the 1st Virginia Charter with him to Virginia, something that would have been provocative to a man like Gabriel Archer. Two days before he sailed - which was about the time that his Bible was stolen - he made over his estate at Stonely to seven friends and neighbours (including two Pophams and Hakluyt's friend and Wingfield's neighbour, Pickering) and five relations (including four Wingfields).[38] For the southern colony (Jamestown) Wingfield was the only adventurer (one risking his means) and venturer (one risking his life) to sail. The four patentees for each of the two colonies (Jamestown, and Sagadahoc - in modern day Maine) had, as stated above, "licence to make habitation, plantation and to deduce a colony." The two colonies were to be controlled by the King's Council of Virginia - which included not only the indomitable Sir Thomas Smythe, but also Wingfield's old comrade-in-arms and fellow Prisoner of War (for 18 months in 1588-1589) in Spanish captivity, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, and Wingfield's cousin-by-marriage, Lord de la Warr.
Jamestown
Departure
Three little ships, the Susan Constant, the Discovery and the Godspeed sailed from Blackwall Dock, London under the overall command of Captain Christopher Newport on December 19, 1606 to found Jamestown; and "the fleet fell from London" on December 20 .[39]
Commander for the Voyage only
The Council of Virginia had decreed on September 10, 1606 that Newport was commissioned and given by the Council "with the sole charge and command of all the captains and soldiers, and mariners, and other persons, that shall go in any of the said ships and pinnace in the said voyage from the day of the date hereof [i.e. 13 weeks prior to settling at Jamestown] until such time as they shall fortune `to land' upon the said coast of Virginia." Newport, "was hired only for our transportation" (wrote Smith).[40] From April 26, 1607 everyone knew who was a councillor, but not who was President - and knew that the first British presidential election was not to be before they had found "and landed" at a good site to settle. This was not a propitious beginning, and likely caused friction between the Councillors as they "jostled" to obtain votes.
Arrival
On April 26, 1607. "...the first land they made, they called Cape Henry" for Prince Henry, the young heir to the throne. Here Newport and Wingfied likely would have made a formal Declaration claiming Virginia for the Crown. That night the box was opened and the orders [dated November 20, 1606] read out. Wingfield [et al.] were to be on the Council and were to elect a President for a year from their number.
Reconnaissance and election
"Until the 13 of May they sought a place to plant in, then the Council was sworn, and Mr. Wingfield was chosen President, and an Oration made..." - by him, probably immediately after being sworn in. This was the first-ever democratic election in the New World.[41]
Command and control
At 57 Wingfield was about double the age of some of the Council. He had successfully petitioned the King for the Charter, was a "captain of success" in defence-works and skirmishing (patrolling)[42] and was one of the expedition's main stockholders. Thus, he was the obvious choice for President. However, the line of Command and Control and of "Land and Sea Force Cooperation" was problematic, since the President was not to command the mariners (as Sir Richard Grenville had at Roanoke), and the handover details were "woolly".[43]
A Soldier's siting
The Council in London had advised the settlers "to sit (set) down" possibly "on some island that is strong by nature... and not overburthened with woods... so far up as a bark (barque) of 50 tons will float... perchance.. a hundred miles from the river's mouth" "with no native people to inhabit between you and the sea coast".[44] Probably the key factor that swayed Wingfield to select Jamestown, was Ralph Lane's error at Roanoke in 1584 - having the ships a mile from their camp[45] - and, as an experienced soldier not wanting to split his force, therefore kept his heaviest ship with them. So, on May 12 Wingfield vetoed Archer's Hope, the first site proposed, as too visible (thus easily bombarded by foreign ships' guns). At Jamestown, the ships could be secured to the overhanging trees - even the 120-ton Susan Constant. That Wingfield (who as a "suitor" was instructed by the King to site their "abode and habitation... and to begin their ...first plantation" at any place he thought "fit and convenient"[46]) actually succeeded in rejecting Archer's Hope (i.e. haven), and selected the present Jamestown site (some 50 miles (80 km) upriver), showed that he was a tough character.
Archer's Hope
Small in number, the colonists had to decide whether to concentrate their defenses against either sea attack by the French and Spanish, or against possible assault from native tribes in the area. Archer's Hope would have been better for firing down on approaching Spanish ships (i.e. large targets), since it was higher than Wingfield's river-level island/isthmus site at Jamestown.[47] But for warding off land or canoe attacks by the "naturals", Jamestown's low field of fire was more easily defended with infantry. Wingfield was a soldier experienced in warding off Spanish foot soldiers and Irish guerrillas in dyke or swampland. Since the Councillors were not yet sworn, after two weeks of everyone arguing the pros and cons of different sites, a decision had to be made before they developed into a rabble. Furthermore, only the Kecoughtan tribe lay between them and the coast, whereas if he had sited the settlement upstream, five further tribes would have cut them off from escape. Jamestown was described by Smith as "a very great place for the erecting of a great city" and by Hamor as "a good and fertile island".
Work and guard duties
During his Presidency Wingfield had the James Fort constructed in a month and a day. Barbour claimed he had no proven military service - which is nonsense, since his long service in the military in Ireland and up to fifteen years in the Low Countries is listed in the Calendar of State Papers.[48] Since of the dozen or so captains[49] he was by far the most experienced soldier in defence-works and defensive warfare, Wingfield supervised the construction of the fort (140 yards by 100 yards (91 m) by 100 yards (91 m) plus three artillery "blisters" of 20 yards (18 m) each) - involving the felling of perhaps 500-600 30 ft-trees, cutting them in half and burying one end firmly in the ground: a vast task. During construction, George Kendall supervised a temporary defence-work of the felled "half-moon of trees and brushwood... the boughs of trees cast together" as cover, prior to the ends of the huge triangular palisade being "joined up", as was normal military practice.
"Newport and Smith and twenty others were sent to discover the head of the river", wrote Smith (rather than "Newport decided to go exploring" - as so many books would have it).[50] President Wingfield was now in charge, but before long his cousin Gosnold warned him that he was driving the men too hard, ever holding them to "working, watching, and warding."[51]
Repulsing attack
May 27, 1607. Belying Smith's statement that the weapons were kept boxed or casked, President Wingfield successfully repulsed a fierce, hour-long attack on Jamestown, leading from the front. Outnumbered 3:1 - with but 130 men and boys - he drove off 400 native warriors. "...And our President, Mr. Wynckfeild (who showed himself a valiant Gentleman), had one shot clean through his beard, yet `scaped hurt" [escaped being injured], wrote Archer. Percy also called Wingfield "a true, valiant gentleman".[52]
The First Holy Communion at Jamestown, June 22, 1607 (as depicted in Old Heathfield Church, Sussex, England).[53]
Strict ration control
President Wingfield built the great fort,[54] sowed the first crops,[55] imposed strict rationing - planned "for the long time until our harvest would be ripe" (wrote Wingfield), - and "every meal of fish or flesh should excuse [e.g. would cancel out] the allowance for porridge". He got in three weeks' reserve supplies through bartering for food with "the Naturals", while (as ordered by the Council in London) "not offending them".[56] He had to impose a strict rationing: "half a pint of wheat and as much barley boiled with water for a man a day, having fried 26 weeks in the ships hold, contained as many worms as grains".[57]
Worst drought for 800 years
In the oppressive heat, the diminishing food-stocks and American Indian attacks soon brought disease, death and dissension. President Wingfield and his settlers were not to know that their founding of Jamestown was during the worst seven-year dry spell (1606–1612) in nearly 800 years - which "dried up fresh-water supplies and devastated corn crops". Indeed Dr. William Kelso and Beverly Straube of Jamestown Rediscovery are convinced that the colony's fate was "beyond the control of either settlers or their London backers".[58] But the settlers were tough. The hardy ones survived that period and won through, establishing, as Dr. James Horn points out, "four fundamental characteristics of British America: representative government, private property, civilian control of the military, and a Protestant church";[59] along with English language and customs.
Removed as president
On September 10, 1607, amid starvation and attacks from native tribes, Wingfield was arrested and deposed from his presidency. The now ex-President was arraigned on the following charges (just as in 1609 the 4th Governor/President Percy - with ex-President (the 2nd) Ratcliffe, Archer and Martin - was to send the ex-President Smith (the 3rd president) home to answer eight similar, more serious charges):[60]
(1) Denying Ratcliffe a penny whittle (pocket knife), a chicken and a spoonful of beer. [Beer, corn oil, aquavit and biscuit had actually been rationed by the Council, of which Sicklemore was of course a Member. Wingfield's own knife had apparently been stolen by the Indians and three knives that had been on charge in the store had been exchanged with the Indians for food].
(2) Serving (Ratcliffe, a.k.a.) Sicklemore with foul corn. [All the corn was indeed foul, "having fried some twenty-six weeks in the ship's hold" or after further storage in difficult circumstances at James Fort].
(3) Calling Smith a liar.
(4) Accusing Smith of concealing a mutiny plotted and confessed by Galthrop or Calthorpe, Gent.[61]
(5) Denying Martin a spoonful of beer. Starving Martin's son to death.
(6)"Did but tend his pot, spit and oven". [Once he had a squirrel he had been given, cooked for Sicklemore, because the latter was sick, and on another occasion he had a pint of peas and pork specially boiled for a very sick old man, who later died. Most men who were sick probably sat around near a fire; and indeed he was sick when he was deposed.]
(7)Accusing Smith's old comrade-in-arms from Transylvania, "Jehu Robinson, Gentleman" and others of "consenting to run away with the shallop" to Newfoundland (as it was later called).[62]
(8)Starving the colony.[63] [It was "suggested" that he had had food buried in the ground. Indeed he had, but this was then the normal way to keep food and drink (in casks or vats) from going bad in hot weather, and besides, it did stop rations from being stolen. The future Secretary, William Strachey was to write of such "underground storehouses", and indeed such food and drink storage methods were then in use in England and indeed were still in use in England and America until well into the 20th century. Other stores were removed by Newport and others for bartering with the Indians, but Cape Merchant Thomas Studley's booking-out and booking-in "bookkeepers" (storemen) actually failed to keep adequate booking-in-and-out records].
(9)"Banquet and riot, in that he did feed himself and his servants out to the common store."
In President Wingfield's time everyone was fed out of the common store, although there may have been separate Mess areas for the Council, the Gentlemen and labourers. Clearly, if this charge were true, it would have been made to stick. "Mr. Smith, in the time of our hunger", wrote Edward Maria, "had spread a rumour in the colony that I did feast my servants out of the common store, with intent, as I gathered, to have stirred the discontented company against me". No other writer of this period even implies that the President was requisitioning extra rations for himself or his servants. Wingfield started bartering with the Indians and/or stocked up with shot game, "for, as his store increased, he mended the common pot: he had laid up besides, provision for 3 weeks' wheat beforehand...I was all for one and one to all." Since Newport's return was a long way off, Edward Maria had imposed fair, very strict - and naturally very unpopular - rationing on the settlers].[64]
In his Discourse, President Wingfield "replies" to the following "extra" charges:[65]
(10) "That I combined with the Spaniards to the destruction of the colony".[66]
(11) "That I am an atheist, because I carried not a bible, and because I forbid the preacher to preach". Why was President Wingfield accused of being an atheist? Because (a) he had no bible with him, (b) he cancelled two - or three - sermons, and (c) after he had been deposed, he failed to attend church on one or two occasions. [(a) His bible was stolen at Croft's house, just before they sailed from Blackwall. (b) When the men returned from standing to arms or counter-attacks, it was too late to have the sermon - and sermons were long in those days: so he cancelled them: "On two or three Sunday mornings, the Indians gave us alarums at our town", wrote Wingfield... "by that times they were answered, the place about us well discovered, and our divine service ended, the day was far spent." (c) And after his arrest (when he was sick and lame), he did not attend on a further one or two occasions when it was raining].[67]
(12) "That I affected a kingdom".
(13) "That I did hide the common provision in the ground". [See riposte to Charge 9].
A 14th "charge" is suggested by Smith's biographer, Philip L. Barbour: "that Wingfield was implicated in the planned escape in the pinnace to Spain (not England) by Kendall". He wrote that Kendall began whispering about abandoning the colony - "perhaps with the connivance of Wingfield...and Wingfield seemed implicated" etc.. His primary source was presumably Thomas Studley (or, rather, Smith - see note below), who in June 1608 wrote: "Wingfield and Kendall, living in disgrace... strengthened themselves with the sailors and confederates to regain their former credit and authority, or at least such means aboard the pinnace.. to alter her course, and to go for England... Smith...forced them to stay or sink in the river. Which action cost the life of Kendall [who was shot after trial]".[68]
Smith further wrote: "The President [Ratcliffe aka Sicklemore] and Captain Archer, not long after, intended also, to have abandoned the country".[69]
Wingfield, however, was not charged with desertion - or he too would surely have been shot. It would seem that Smith got confused, accidentally or deliberately, over the dates of two or three different incidents. Indeed in 1608 Smith had also written: "Our store being now indifferently well provided with corn [e.g. maize] there was much ado for to have the pinnace go to England, against which Captain Martin and myself stood chiefly against it: and in fine after many debatings pro et contra, it was resolved to stay a further resolution."[70] Some time after Kendall was shot, Wingfield came ashore from the pinnace and stated to Smith and Archer that: "I was determined to go to England to acquaint our Council of our weaknesses... I said further, I desired not to go into England, if either Mr. President [Ratcliffe aka Sicklemore] would go."[71]
The President by then was Ratcliffe. Smith's biographer, Philip L. Barbour, who wrote of "John Smith's usual exaggeration", describes "the superlative pettiness" of the charges against Wingfield..."none of the accusations against him amounted to anything - not even Archer's assertion that he was in league with the Spaniards to destroy the colony."[72]
When the pragmatic Captain Newport, 47, arrived with the First Supply, he found young Smith, 27 - having been charged with losing two men to the Indians - also under restraint - for the second time; and he was, also for the second time since the expedition had set out, due to be hanged (on the morrow). Newport released Wingfield and Smith, waiving all but one of the charges against them both as petty, but he did not reinstate Wingfield, as the charge of being an atheist was so serious that he would have to be sent to England to be tried for it - just as Smith was to be later.[73]
Attempted reinstatement
The disgruntled settlers now thought that the 2nd President, John Ratcliffe, was the source of all their problems, and Smith, Kendall and Percy planned to send James Read the blacksmith on a maintenance visit to the pinnace, where Wingfield was held, to see if Wingfield would agree to be reinstated, but Ratcliffe learned of these plans and had Read publicly thrashed.[74]
Rebuttal of charges
In his Discourse of Virginia (1608), Wingfield comes across as a tough old soldier - too tough with the men, and too old for the job. He "could not make ropes of sand" as Stephen Vincent Benet described his situation[75] with a difficult bunch of men, during the worst drought for 800 years (as we now know).
Reputation and later career
Reputation
Up to the 1980s, Wingfield's reputation as a villain stems from his chief rival, John Smith, who was apparently prone to supreme exaggeration,[76]. Newly freed from arrest, Smith wrote of Wingfield's "overweening jealousy" i.e. supremely self-confident and suspicious of rivalry - which one could argue are two necessary qualities required by a commander. Command is lonely and doubtless the "cliqueyness" of the "Cape Cod Crew of 1602" (Gosnold, Martin and Archer), the Middle Temple lawyers (Gosnold and Percy) and the "generation gap" problem between Wingfield aged 57 vis-a-vis Smith aged 27 (and many men in their 20s and 30s), did not help. Smith also described Wingfield and probably Percy and Newport[77] as "tufftaffety humorists" i.e. overdressed, full of humour and laughter but liable to mood swings. Smith's views of President Wingfield were repeated by John Oldmixon in 1708, then further downgraded by the author of his entry in the (British) Dictionary of Biography of 1880, and even more so by Barbour (1964), Smith's best biographer. Barbour was obsessively anti-Wingfield, describing him as (a) an aristocrat (i.e. a baron, marquess, viscount, earl or duke) - which he was not, and which (before 1618) no member of his family ever had been (though his grandfather had been a Knight of the Garter, earned through being a brilliant ambassador); and (b) as having three servants at Jamestown; but Smith was no farmer's lad. Smith too was a Captain, had three servants at Jamestown,[78] possessed a coat of arms, owned property (in Louth), had a well-to-do tenant farmer father; and was, moreover, raised with the younger Bertie children and was given a personal equestrian course by the Henry, 2nd Earl of Lincoln of Tattershall Castle.[79]
In 1608 King James "induced" Sir Humphrey Weld, the Lord Mayor, "a member of the Grocer's Company" to issue a Precept about corporate funding for Jamestown.[80] In the 2-3 charges not considered ludicrous by the level-headed Newport, Wingfield defended himself successfully before Archbishop Bancroft in London.
Later involvement with the Virginia Company
Still involved with the Virginia Company at 70, he died at 81. He was still involved in the affairs of the colony a dozen years later, e.g. the Declaration of Supplies intended to be sent to Virginia in 1620, June 22 has: "Winckfield, Edward Maria, Captain, Esquire, Adventurer of the Virginia Company, London (Eng.): -L-88.".[81] He was buried at St.Andrew's, Kimbolton on April 13, 1631.[82]
Founder
The latest British DNB (Dictionary of National Biography) sums the ex-President up as follows: "he seems to have been a conscientious and fair-minded man who lacked the necessary force of character to maintain order in the difficult early conditions of the colony, where he faced an unruly and quarrelsome set of companions.". Both Percy and Archer described him as "valiant".
"The Founder of an institution, organisation or idea, etc." is defined in Collins, Cobuild as: "a person who sets it up or causes it to be built, perhaps by providing the necessary money." Edward Maria Wingfield qualifies for Founder of Jamestown on all three counts. He was an incorporator of the 1st Virginia Charter, contributed the huge sum of -L-88 [=$15,000 today], one of the very largest investments, was the only adventurer to sail to Jamestown (as cited) and, as the elected first President, built James Fort - described by John Smith as "a very great place for the erecting of a great city".
President Wingfield's memorial at Jamestown Church
Wingfield On Film
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played by Stephen Blackehart in First Landing (2007)
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played by David Thewlis in The New World (2005)
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played by Tony Goldwyn in Pocahontas: The Legend (1995)
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played by James Seay in Captain John Smith and Pocahontas (1953)
Notes on Sources
A. Virginia Company Records. Since the Court (or Minute) Book for the Virginia Company for January 28, 1606 to February 14, 1615 disappeared after 1623(3) the only reliable (and likely incomplete) source is Alexander Brown's The Genesis of the United States [Vol. 2, 1899] - under the various family or individuals' names.
B. Wingfield's "A Discourse of Virginia" ("...upon the truth of this journal [I] do pledge my faith, and life...") is, incredibly, not drawn on as source material in four recent books on Jamestown [Lambeth Palace Library MS 250, ff.382r-392v; British Library 9602e 8, including 1860 copy edited by Charles Deane (with Introduction and Notes, 26 pages]. The first published version was only seen by a few people (through private subscription); and so the first time Wingfield's account was seen by a larger public - in New York and Glasgow - was not until 1905-1906, in Purchas, His Pilgrimes, vol. XVIII. (To convert the page numbers of Wingfield's Discourse to its page number in Jocelyn R. Wingfield's "Virginia's True Founder", add 298).
C. Wingfield's biography by Jocelyn R. Wingfield: Virginia's True Founder: Edward Maria Wingfield and His Times (1993), revised (2007), with an Introduction by Stephen Blackehart, 2007, ISBN 1-4196-6032-2. All page numbers referenced herein refer to the 1993 edition.
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^ Alan Barlow [2005 Obituary: Alan Barlow] painted President Edward-Maria Wingfield's portrait painted after studies - including computer studies - of the family features of four of his close relations in paintings as follows: (1) his grandfather, Sir Richard Wingfield of Kimbolton Castle, Knight of the Garter (c.1473-1525), from a coloured family (group) picture of the 1520s, aged c.mid-50s, artist unknown, held in the Wingfield family and at Boughton, Northants [J.M.Wingfield, Some Records of the Wingfield Family, London, 1925 & Jocelyn Wingfileld, WFS, Athens, GA, 1991, reprint 2006, frontispiece; Virginia's True Founder, plate 1]; (2) his uncle, Charles Wingfield (1513-40), painted as an adult, by Holbein, property of H.M. Queen Elizabeth II, Windsor Castle private wing (Virginia's True Founder [hereafter VTF], plate 6); (3) 2nd cousin, Sir Anthony Wingfield, Knight of the Garter (c.1485-1552), 1541, aged c.56, painted by Scots and by Pantoja (VTF, plate 11 by Pantoja); (4) 2nd cousin, Marshal Sir Richard Wingfield, 1st Viscount Powerscourt & Baron Wingfield, by Cornelius Jonson, 1627, aged 73. (held in the family; VTF, plate 14). Alan Barlow* 1971-54: Theatre Head of Design at London's Old Vic & Covent Garden. 1954-65: Benedictine monk. 1965-1979: Theatre Head of Design at Manchester University, Montreal, Canada (National Theatre School), Stratford (Ont), Canada, Dublin, Ireland (Memorial & Abbey Theatres), Amsterdam (Young Vic). 1980-date: Professional painter of portraits, landscapes, murals, &c.
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^ Date of Birth & Burial. Birth: 1550: E150/102, p.3 Exchequer Copy (English), Lists & Indexes XXIII, PRO Kew, copy of 142/111 p.81, 1557 (Latin), Chancery Copy of Inquisitions Post-Mortems etc, Series II, Vol. III, 4&5 Philip & Mary: "Thomas Mary Wingfield died 15 August last past and Edward Wingfield is his proper son and heir and that he is of the age of seven years at the time this inquisition was taken." (VCH Huntingdonshire - Victoria County History of Hunts - Vol. III, p.81, London, 1936, eds. Granville Proby & Inskip Ladds quote two incorrect sources).Burial: 1631: Copy of "Bishop's Transcript, Diocese of Lincoln, of Kimbolton (Huntingdonshire - now in 2006 in Cambridgeshire) Records: "Kimbolton Parish Church [Church of England i.e. Protestant] of St.Andrew's. "Burials, 1604-1900: 13th April 1631, Edward Maria Wingfield, Esquire buryed.
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^ Smith, GH, Book 3, p.41; Woolley, Savage Kingdom, pp.22-23; Purchas, His Pilgrimes, 1625, p.1,649. Re-MP: Hasler, III, pp.635-636 - see n. 23 below.
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^ Kingsbury, pp.12 & 18; Barbour, p.91.
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^ Wingfield, E.M., p.43, q. in Wingfield, J., p.341.
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^ Sheler, in The Smithsonian, January 2005, p.53; and see n.74 re petty charges.
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^ "Captain Smith did not carry the first colonists to Virginia; he landed there himself "as a prisoner". He did not support the colony there by his exertions; the colonists were dependent on England for supplies; they were succored by every vessel that arrived during his stay in Virginia, and at no time were they found to be more in need than when Argall arrived in July, 1609, during Smith's own presidency. So long as he stayed, the colony was rent by factions, in which he was an active instrument. Instead of making Jamestown a relief station and plantation, as it was intended to be, he was constantly taking off the men from their duties there, going on voyages to discover mines, the South Sea, etc., all of which I am sure, can be easily proven. He not only failed to give satisfaction to his employers, but he gave great dissatisfaction, and was never employed by the Council of the Va. Co, again. He was in England from December 1609, to March 1614. The troubles and misfortunes of the dark days of 1611-12 caused many (who were evidently ignorant of the true state of affairs) to place confidence in Smith's claims, and under their patronage his reason for "the defailement" was published, which proves that he did not even know the real causes which produced the troubles; but the generality in England knew no better, and this tract probably gained for him the favor of four London merchants, not members of the Va. Co., who sent him on a voyage with Captain Hunt to our New England coast, March to August 1614... He was taken prisoner by a French vessel, while his own crew escaped. After this remarkable event, his self-assertions failed to have any value with businessmen, although he seems to have constantly sought employment abroad. For the remainder of his life, he was "a paper tiger" at home...". [Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States of America, London, 1890]. See too about Smith under Catholic Colonisation.
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^ See n.2 (Birth). Hasler, III, p.635; Woodsome Hall, Fenian Bridge, Huddersfield - see website.
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^ Wingfield's middle name "Maria" derives from Mary Tudor the Catholic daughter of Henry VIII. Edward Maria's grandfather, Sir Richard Wingfield, ambassador, who in 1513 was dispatched to Fontainebleau, France in to repatriate the newly-widowed Mary Tudor, Queen of France. Because Sir Richard Wingfield stood by while she married her lover, Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, there in France, without the permission of Henry VIII, Mary agreed to be godmother to Thomas Wingfield, Sir Richard and Lady [Bridget] Wingfield's second son. The Dowager Queen of France permitted Thomas to be christened with her name as his middle name, and he became Thomas Maria or Thomas Mary Wingfield. This middle name was proudly borne and continued by Thomas Maria to two of his ten children: Edward Maria Wingfield and Thomas Maria, Jr. They signed their names "Thomas Mari: Wingfield" or Edward Mari: Wingfield" and the pronunciation was apparently "carried down" in the USA as [Ma-RYE-uh], rather than [Ma-REE-uh]. The last Edward Maria Wingfield (the Sixth) in the family, died in Richmond, Virginia in 1984. With the Dissolution and Henry VIII's break with Rome in 1534, Mary, the Dowager Queen of France accepted Protestantism as the state religion, as did the majority of the population including Edward Maria Wingfield and indeed two years later so did his father.
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^ Thomas Maria Wingfield graduated from Oxford in 1534, having held the living of Warrington, Lancashire from his mid-teens, of his father (who d. 1525), the then Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In about 1536 Thomas Maria renounced an ecclesiastical career, and became MP for Huntingdon in 1553. [Foster, Alumni Oxon q. in VCH, Lancs, III, 1907, p.311]. The fact that Edward Maria Wingfield's other godparent was Cardinal Pole, should also not suggest that Edward Maria had Catholic leanings, since in 1513, the year his father was christened, the population was Catholic. Stonely Priory House (thought to have originally been a barn) is a protected building, but not because Wingfield lived there. [Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, 1926, Hunts, p. 176 & Plate 47].
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^ Fotheringhay Church Registers; Bridges, II, p.458; Pedigree of Crews of Fodringey, 1884, p.16; Vis. Devon, Crews of Morchard, pp.256-257; Vis. Norfolk, 1563, 1564, 1589, 1613; Cal of Feet of Fines, Hunts, p.143, in Peterborough Ref. Lib.; Harl.MS 1171 f.23b; board in Fotheringhay Church porch.
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^ Froude, History of England, 1870, Vol.X, p.490; John Lodge, Peerage of Ireland, III, p.253n, q. in Bridges, Northamptonshire, 1791, II, p.69 note "e" - q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp.26-28. Half the list is now lost. Jaques's son, Thomas was then but 8.
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^ W.A. Copinger, Manors of Suffolk, III, 1909, p.337, q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp.20, 151. "Manor" means "estate".
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^ Lincoln's Inn Admissions Book for 1576, April; "Edward Maria Wingfield of Huntingdonshire, Barrister [attorney] of Furnivall's Inn".
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^ Hasler,[Her Majesty's Stationery Office], p.685; Carew MSS El.15861/493; Stafford, Edward, ed., Pacata Hiberna, 1629, I, pp.278-279, 299 , 346 q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp.47-49. In the 1570s-90s Edward Maria's middle brother, Captain Thomas Maria Wingfield, married two Protestant Dutch ladies: (i) Etranildo de Sussnet of Overijssel, and later (ii) Arlinda van Rede of Utrecht. [Vis. Norfolk, 1563, 1589, 1613; Vis. Hunts, 1613, Harl.1552, ink f.196b].
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^ Galba D1 Cotton, f.133P.142), BL.
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^ CSP Foreign Vol XXII July-December 1588, p.307; and Vol XXIII Jan-July 1589, pp.55-56 & 98, ed, R.B. Wernham - q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, Chap. 8. CSP (Foreign) for June 19th 1589 sub "Causes of Lord Willoughby's Displeasure against Captain Thomas Maria Wingfield", states that Thomas Maria had indeed captured Don John and Don Luis and "knew of no order against taking prisoners; indeed the General had promised to give away the four best." [This was to reward Grimstone and Redhead for the key role they had played in planting the false Intelligence about betraying Bergen]. "The prisoners were given into Captain Best's keeping. Next morning as they marched to the town, Wingfield asked to have the keeping of one of them, as a means of securing his brother's release. His Lordship said he could have none of them... but gave him leave to compound with [negotiate] with Grimstone and Redhead." This Thomas Maria did and "Grimston yielded his claim to Don John." Then his Lordship found that Don John was a marquis and so was reluctant to let Wingfield have him; but "he promised, if Wingfield could not have Don John, to give him -L-300 to buy Terrayze (another prisoner) to exchange for his brother Wingfield [i.e Jamestown's future 1st President], however [T.M.Wingfield] agreed with Grimstone to take a Spaniard named Orteyse instead of Don John."
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^ See n.18(conceivably part of this was back pay); Hasler, III, pp.635-636.
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^ CSP (Ireland).
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^ DNB sub Lane, Ralph; Blore, VCH Rutland, 1911, Pedigree of Lane.
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^ VCH Northants, eds. Doubleday and Salzman [1904-1912].
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^ Cecil's aunt Elizabeth Cecil was married to Sir Robert Wingfield II of Upton near Burghley, grandson of Sir Henry Wingfield of Orford Castle (fl. 1490s), the great great uncle of Edward Maria Wingfield. This seat in the Commons was perhaps a sort of present for being held some 18 months a Prisoner of War. [Hasler, III, p.635].
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^ Current Guide to Kimbolton Castle, p.2. One of the school boarding houses is till called "Wingfield".
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^ Abstract of the Feoffment for the Endowment of Kimbolton School, 10th Nov. 42nd Eliz;
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^ Stratford, pp.12-14. Wingfield had appointed his nephew, Gamaliel Crews, as a feofee - which Popham objected to.
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^ Brown, Alexander, II, p.978 sub Ratcliffe, John; parish church where Wingfield's nephew, Lewis Marya Wingfield was christened Aug. 15, 1592 [IGI].
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^ Carew Papers, IV, p.368; Stafford, Thomas, Pacata Hiberna, 1633, repr. 1820, II, pp.556-557. See n.2.
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^ Otley Hall family tree q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp.152, 277.
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^ Costs of ships. April 10, 1605. "The merchants of London, Bristol, Exeter and Plymouth, soon perceived what great Gains might be made of a Trade this Way...[i.e. settling Virginia]... sufficiently evinced by the great Profits some Ships had made.... Encouraged by this Prospect, they join'd together in a Petition to King James the First, shewing forth that it would be too much for any single person to attempt the Settling of Colonies, and to carry on so considerable a Trade: They therefore prayed His Majesty to incorporate them, and enable them to raise a joint Stock for that purpose, and to countenance their undertaking... His Majesty did accordingly grant their petition, and by Letters Patent, bearing the date the 10th of April, 1606, did in one Patent incorporate them into Two distinct Companies": Tho. Gates, Sir George Somers, Knights; Mr. Richard Hakluit, Clerk Prebend of Westminster, and Edward-Maria Wingfield, Esq; Adventurers of the City of London and such others as should be join'd unto them... Ships. Virginia Company had 30 vessels of 100 tons plus costing -L-300,000 , i.e. notionally, over -L-10,000 each or one could say: 30,000 vessel-tons = -L-300,000. Therefore One vessel-ton cost > -L-10 (1609 costs) or > $1,704.45 (at today's prices). In 1606 the tonnage of the 3 little ships was 120 + 40 + 20 = 180 tons, which then cost c. -L-1,800 - or at 2007 prices -L-1.4 million or $2.8 million. Weapons & ammo. In 1561 keeping the army in Ireland cost Queen Elizabeth -L-12,000 (or $341,000) a year. [Wingfield, Jocelyn, "Virginia's True Founder", p.29]. EDWARD MARIA WINGFIELD's uncle Jaques Wingfield, Master of the Ordnance in Ireland, used to draw around -L-2,000 ($56,800) of ordnance and defence stores per visit from the Tower of London. Victuals, drink & catering stores. -L-??
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^ The 1st or London Company (Jamestown): The Big Backers, 1606. To convert AD 1610-1620 pounds sterling into US dollars at AD 2004 rates, the Bank of England instructed us to multiply the old (c.1606) -L- figure by 170.45 for today's $ figure. GATES, Sir Thomas. Sub -, paid -L-100. In 1552 the head of the family of Edward Maria Wingfield, Sir Anthony Wingfield, KG, died at Sir John Gates' house in Stepney. In 1608 appointed Governor of Jamestown, but wrecked on the Bermudas, etc. WAAD aka Wade, Sir William. Sub -L-75, paid -L-144 10s. MC for Va 1606, MC for VA Co 1609. Ex-Ambassador, Lt-Gov of the Tower 1605-1612. Londoner. MP for Aldburgh, Suffolk, 1585, 10 miles (16 km) east of the Wingfield ancestral home of Letheringham. Had 19 siblings.[B]. One of sons of "England's Columbus". In 1583-84 Edward Maria Wingfield's 2nd cousin, royal usher Anthony Wingfield, after his return from a diplomatic mission with Lord Willoughby to Denmark, was employed with Waad in collecting evidence against Philip Howard, 1st Earl of Arundel (RC from 1584) as to whether Arundel had been involved in the Throckmorton Plot. [Egerton MS 2074, ff.9 sqq q. in DNB sub Anthony Wingfield]. Wade's descendants in Ireland are named Hyde; and are friends of the Wingfields. SMYTHE aka SMITH, Sir Thomas, Treasurer [=President], MC for Va Nov 20, 1606, MC for Va Co May 23, 1609. Sub -L-75, paid -L-165. Also Gov of E India Co. [A38-39]. [$28,124 at today's prices - see WINGFIELD $$$ below]. MARTIN, Captain John, Sr. Paid -L-95. Devoted his life to the Virginia enterprise from 1606. (MARTIN, Captain John, Jr.. Sailed 1606. ? Later paid -L-25). WINGFIELD, Edward Maria. Paid -L-88.00. [=$15,000]. Incorporator of Virginia Charter of 1605. 1st President at Jamestown. Wingfield's input of -L-88, was a huge sum. CROMWELL, Sir Oliver. MC for Va, 1606. Sub -L-75. Paid -L-75. MP for Hunts 1604-11. MC for Va 1607, MC for Va Co 1609. Of Hinchinbrooke, the next estate to Kimbolton. Neighbour and cousin of Wingfield. SICKLEMORE aka RATCLIFFE, Captain John. Paid -L-50. [Kimbolton MS q in B]. 2nd President at Jamestown. When his supposed widow, Dorothy Ratcliffe was married at All Hallows Steyning in 1611-12, her late husband, John, was described as "of St. Andrew's, Holborn", the church of the Stonely Wingfields - where Lewis Maria Wingfield, a nephew of Edward Maria Wingfield (son of his brother TMW) was christened on August 15th, 1592 [IGI]. (It lies across the road from the church of John Smith and of the Brantham Wingfields (cousins of Edward Maria Wingfield), St Sepulchre without Newgate). Intermarried with the Fettiplaces (Jamestown 160-). The Sicklemores by 1644, if not earlier, held Tuddenham, the next "manor" to Mildenhall, the second manor of the Letheringham Wingfield heir (and an airbase today where USAAF personnel are stationed). HAKLUYT, Revd Richard. Paid -L-21. From 1590 held living of Wetheringsett, Suffolk, the next village to Wickham Skeith, where Edward Maria Wingfield's uncle, Jaques Wingfied, Master of the Ordnance in Ireland (d.1587), was Lord of the Manor. Wetheringsett also marched with the Wingfield manors of Crowiled, Coddenham, Gosbeck and Hemingstone. He also had the living of Gedney, the next village to Holbeach, where the Wingfields had a connection too. Hakluyt's patron was James I's Secretary of State, Sir Robert CECIL, whose aunt was Elizabeth Wingfield (a 2nd cousin of Edward Maria Wingfield). In 1609 his -L-21 was "prorated to 2 shares". SOMERS, Sir George. Although no sum is mentioned, he was an Incorporator of the Virginia Charter of 1605. In 1608 sailed for Jamestown, but wrecked in the Bermudas. MONTAGU, Sir Henry. MC for VA, Nov 20, 1606. Boughton neighbour of Edward Maria Wingfield. HARINGTON, John, 1st Lord, of Exton (near the Wingfield seat of Tickencote). Held stock. ?Date. ?Amount? Perhaps a relative of Edward Harington, Gent, who sailed with Edward Maria Wingfield in 1606 and who died in Jamestown August 24th 1607. It is presumed that the Mary Harington of Exton who married Sir Edward Wingfield ("Ned") of Kimbolton, that keen soldier and jouster, ca. 1600, was his sister, but this cannot yet be confirmed by Harington family or other records. [Estimate from Pedigree of Harington ("one "R") in the Markham Memorials, p.40].Other known post-1606 but pre-early 1609 backers of Jamestown: Thomas West, 3rd Baron De la Warr, MC fro Va. Co, 1609, but involved from 1608, ?then paying -L-500. SCRIVENER, Matthew. MC for Va, 1608 & MC Va Co 1609. Paid -L-100. (Translated by Alexander Brown to $12,500 at 1890 prices; or $17,045 at 2004 prices. Arrived Jamestown Jan.1608, acting President July-Sep.1608 & Jan 1609 - when he was tragically drowned in the James River. The Scriveners lived and live in London, (Belstead, Ipswich) and at Sibton, Suffolk (as did Anthony Wingfield, a 2nd cousin of Edward Maria Wingfield), Ipswich and Belstead. Matthew's sister, Elizabeth Scrivener of Belstead, married Sir Harbottle Wingfield of Crowfield, Suffolk, near Letheringham. [Scrivener Pedigree]. And their son Henry married Dorothy Brewster, from the Brewsters so prolific 20 miles (32 km) NE of Crowfield. The Scriveners twice married Wingfields in this period. Clearly recruited by Edward Maria Wingfield. BEDELL, John. Paid -L-12-10s-0d. Neighbour of Edward Maria Wingfield at Stonely. In Jamestown from 1608. BEDELL, Gabriel. Paid -L-12-10s-0d. Neighbour of Edward Maria Wingfield at Stonely. In Jamestown from 1608. CAREW, Lord George. Sub ?. MC for Va, 1607. His uncle and that of Edward Maria Wingfield was Jaques Wingfield, Master of the Ordnance in Ireland, where he and Edward Maria Wingfield served 1569 & 1570s. [B]. FETTIPLACE, Michael. Came to Jamestown, 1608. Paid -L-12-10s-0d. Of, et al., Tuddenham, Suffolk - 10 miles (16 km) from the Wingfield ancestral home of Letheringham. FETTIPLACE, William. Came to Jamestown 1608. Paid -L-10. See last entry. PERCY, George. Paid -L-20. Sailed in 1606 to Jamestown. Governor of Jamestown 1609-10 & 1611-12. SMITH, Captain John. -L-9. There is no record of stock owned by: (1) Captain Gabriel ARCHER, MC for Va, 1607 to 1609-10; (2) Nor Captain Bartholomew GOSNOLD of Grundisburgh near Otley & Letheringham. Bartholomew's next younger brother - of 3 - was Captain Wingfield Gosnold (who had a daughter Mary who married Richard Pepys, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and died in 1660). [Gosnold Pedigree at Otley Hall]. Their Aunt Ursula Gosnold (wife of Rober the JP, was born Ursula Naunton, daughter of William Naunton and his wife Elizabeth Wingfield of Letheringham Abbey (daughter of Sir Anthony Wingfield, KG (d.1552), Head of EDWARD MARIA WINGFIELD's family. And Bartholomew & Wingfield Gosnold's great aunt, Katherine Gosnold nee Blennerhasset, married (ii) Anthony Wingfield of Sibton, Suffolk (where stood the ancestral home of the Scriveners). So Bartholomew Gosnold was the 2nd cousin by marriage (two generations removed) of Wingfield. There is also no record of stock owned by Rev Robert HUNT, (if the one who went up to Magdalen, Oxford in 1589, one of his neighboring clerics on being ordained, was Richard Hooker, friend and former tutor of Sir Edwin Sandys); by Captain George KENDALL (Jamestown, 1607, a cousin of Sir Edwin Sandys); nor by Captain Christopher NEWPORT. The William BREWSTER who paid -L-20 may have been the one who sailed with Wingfield or he may have been one of the Pilgrim Fathers. From which it will be seen that the greatest expense by far was the ships, thereby confirming that the merchants were the chief planners/organisers.
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^ 3rd Earl of Southampton. Edward Maria Wingfield's grandmother, Bridget Wingfield nee Wiltshire, m. (ii) Sir Nicholas Harvey. Their son & heir, Lord William Harvey m. (1) Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton, whose son & heir was his namesake, the 3rd Earl. [Brown, II, p.1061 sub "Henry Wriothesley"]; Barbour, pp.105-106. Barbour, pp.105-106.
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^ Dr.W.Kelso & B.Straube, Jamestown Rediscovery VI, pp.6-7. Wingfield wrote that he could not "forsake the enterprise of opening so glorious a kingdom unto the king." [Wingfield, E.M., Discourse, last sentence, q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, p.343].
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^ Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp. 54, 163. Possibly a relative of Edward Seklemore of Roanoke (1585). [Durant, p.166].
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^ Wingfield, Jocelyn, p. 163. Hunt was already fleeing from his adulterous wife (who had been seeing too much of one John Taylor) and his two young children in Reculver, Kent; Renshaw, W. C., Notes from the Act Books of the Archdeaconry Court of Lewes in Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. 49 [1906], q in Benjamin Woolley, 2007, p.36 & n.16. Lord De la Warr was Lord of the Manor of Old Heathfield. Edward Maria's uncle, Charles Wingfield was married to Jane Knollys, sister of Sir Francis Knollys, KG - whose daughter, Anne married Thomas West, 2nd Baron De La Warr, father of the Roanoke backer, Thomas, the 3rd Baron and future Governor-General of Jamestown; Parks, p.256.
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^ Wingfield, Jocelyn, ibid; Andrews, Matthew Page, Soul of a Nation 1943, p.55; Noel Hume, p.105.
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^ MS C82/1729(1), National Archives Image Library, London, p.5
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^ Parks, p.256; Percy; Manchester Papers, DDM54/2, The Stonely Deede, in the CRO, Huntingdon.(It was not a Mortgage of 1606, but a defeasance (the annulment) dated 1620 of the 1602 deed. (See www.wingfield.org sub "Virginia's Founder". For theft of Bible: Wingfield, E.M., p.39 q. by Wingfield, Jocelyn at pp.164, 337-338. His signature is also on DDM47a/11.
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^ Percy, Discourse.
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^ Arber & Bradley, eds., Smith's Travels & Works, [Edinburgh, 1910], II, p.388.
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^ Smith, op cit, III, 1966 facsimile, p.42; Seed, pp.1-15, 41-63, 69-73, 179-193 q. in Horn, p.48.
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^ Wingfield, Jocelyn, op.cit., Chaps. 5-9
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^ Durant, p.24.
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^ Brown, II, p.957 sub Newport; Hamor, pp.32-33; Instructions by Way of Advice, for the Intended Voyage to Virginia, pp.1-5 q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp.291-295; www.virtualvirginia.org .
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^ Durant, p.52-53 (?Shallowbag Bay) q.in Wingfield, Jocelyn, p.194.
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^ 1st Virginia Charter q. at n.37. (above).
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^ Hume, p.131.
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^ Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp.32-71, 86-124; Memorials at Jamestown Church and Kimbolton Church; Hasler, p.635.
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^ Newport, Gosnold, Radcliffe aka Sicklmore were naval captains; Wingfield, Kendall, Smith, Archer and Flower were or had been army captains. Percy was in the military in Ireland 1599-1602 and 1603-1604; Richard Crofts and Edward Morris [usually a "Corporal - JRW] were Captains too. (Fynes Moryson, Itinerary, II, p.345 and III, pp.13 & 250 q. in Barbour, p.427-428).
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^ See n. 4 .
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^ Smith, GH, p.42.
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^ Archer, p.54-55; Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition.
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^ The lovely east window of the north aisle [www.wingfield.org sub "churches" and "Heathfield, Old"] depicts pastor Robert Hunt celebrating "the first Communion on American soil on June 11, 1607" at Jamestown. [Sunday June 21 in Virginia's True Founder, p. 212; Sunday June 22 in Woolley, p.86]. Three Councilors (one with his back to the observer), complete with ruffs, are shown taking Communion, watched by a Native American warrior with two young native boys. Clearly, since Wingfield was then President, he would be in the front row, maybe with his cousin Bartholomew Gosnold. The features and size are not for real, since no actual likenesses of those two Councilors exist. Smith, elected to the Council the week before, is not shown. The Jamestown settlers are all listed, as well as those intrepid mariners whose names are known to posterity. Robert Hunt is listed on a board in the church as being the incumbent at Heathfield from 1602 to 1608 (the year he died at Jamestown). He was, we know, allowed to receive the income and benefits from Heathfield even when in Virginia. The De la Warrs of the 1880s owned part of the manor of Heathfield - and so maybe the Lord de la Warr of the early 1600's, a cousin of Edward Maria Wingfield's, then too owned land at Heathfield, knew Hunt and recommended him to Wingfield. Incidentally, from the church one cannot - as it says in several books - see the sea (the English Channel, ten miles (16 km) to the southeast). These books muddle Heathfield in Sussex with Reculver in Kent, Hunt's earlier church, which lies fifty miles northeast of Heathfield (on the North Sea). In 1957 the APVA erected in Heathfield church a wooden memorial plaque to Robert Hunt.
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^ Wingfield, Jocelyn, p.210.
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^ "The 15th June we had finished our fort... we had also sown most of our corn on two mountains. It sprang a man's height from the ground." [Percy]; Francis Perkins (in 1608) wrote that two weeks after arrival the original settlers began to sow - both q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, p.206. In drought-ridden Virginia - the worst drought and famine for 800 years, their seeds didn't just spring up like the barley and pea seeds at Waymouth's 1602 camp at Allen's Island {Maine] - 8 inches in 16 days! [Noel Hume, p.106].
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^ Edward Maria Wingfield's "Discourse" shows how much he and the native American werowances [chiefs] tried to co-exist peacefully when the settlers first arrived: "June the 25th [1607]. An Indian came to us from the great Powhatan with the word of peace, that he desired greatly; that the werowances Paspahegh & Tapahanagh, should be our friends and that we should sow and reap in peace." "The 3rd of July. 7 or 8 Indians presented the President [Wingfield] a deer from Pamunkey, a werowance [chief] desiring our friendship... Their werowance had a hatchet sent him... A little after this came a deer to the President from the Great Powhatan...The President likewise bought divers times deer of the Indians." "The 7th of July. Chief Tappahannah ...hailed us with a word of peace [so President Wingfield took the shallop to visit him]. He said his old store [of food i.e. "corn" = maize GB was spent; that his new was not at full growth by a foot; that as soon as any was ripe, he would bring it; which promise he truly performed."
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^ Wingfield, E.M., pp.19-20, q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp. 222-224, 233, 318; Instructions by Way of Advice, 1606, p.3; Smith, GH, p.44.Arber & Bradley, eds., Smith, Travels & Works, II, p.391.
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^ Sheler, p.53.
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^ Horn, Dr. James, The Lessons of Jamestown, in Pleasant Living, Profile, May/June 2006 pp.26-27].
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^ Wingfield,E.M, p.23 Charges against Smith [Jocelyn Wingfield, pp.272-273] were: [1] That he would not submit to the authority of the Council. (True). [2] That he refused to recognise John Sicklemore as a member of the Council. (True). [3] That he had sent rat poison to the Dutch, his own men, to poison them. (He certainly ordered Sergeant Abbot and Wiffin to stab them or shoot them - his own men!). [4] That he had set the Indians on some of the settlers at the Falls [at today's Richmond]. (True: see below). [5] That he had threatened to remove Powhatan's robes and crown (with which Newport, on orders from London, had invested him), unless the great chief gave the settlers corn. (Hearsay, but likely). [6] That he refused to exchange tools with the Indians for maize, even though the settlers were starving. (Probably true: good military discipline, but his orders certainly had not been obeyed, since the settlers exchanged two to three hundred axes and other tools for food). [7] That he exiled men to starve on the oyster banks. (Exiled to survive). [8] That he "would" affect a kingdom (the same general charge had been made by him against his two predecessors), in this instance by wanting to marry the Powhatan's teenage daughter, Pocahontas.
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^ Percy in Tylers Quarterly Magazine, p.264; Strachey, p.62, q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp.272-273].
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^ Ibid, pp.28 & 43.
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^ Ibid, p.28.
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^ Ibid, p.27.
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^ Ibid, pp.20 & 24.
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^ Ibid, p.39, q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp.337 & 255.
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^ Ibid, p.39.
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^ Ibid, (1) p.39, (2) p.30, (3) p.40, q. in Jocelyn R.Wingfield, pp.164, 227-228 & chap. 21 n.20 (four lines below n.19.
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^ Barbour, 3 Worlds, pp.153-154; Thomas Studley (actually John Smith) in The Second Part of a Map of Virginia (1612), The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia, in John Smith, Travels & Works (1612), sub "T. Studley, ?June 1608", ed. Arber, I, pp.3-4, 97. (Arber's "I.H." writes that "Thomas Watson" is a printer's error, and that he has since learned should read "John Smith").
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^ Smith, GH, Lib.3, p.46.
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^ Smith, ibid, 1623, pp.346, 349; A True Relation (text in the New York Historical Society), p.13.
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^ Wingfield, E.M., pp.31, q. in Jocelyn R. Wingfield, pp.243 & 391.
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^ Barbour, pp.145, 148-149.
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^ See n.62.
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^ Horn, p.76; Wooley, pp. 104-106.
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^ Western Star, Book One, [New York, 1943]; Brown, sub EMW, II, p.1055; p.53.
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^ Smith's so-called History of Virginia is not a history at all; but a eulogy of Smith and a lampoon of his peers". Brown, II, .1010; Barbour, p.391.
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^ Smith, GH.
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^ Smith's servants were Anas Todkill, "his man" (not Anas), and pageboy Samuel Collier. [Smith, Map of Virginia, Arber, I, p.132; GH, p.448; Andrews, p.140; Barbour, p.246 - all q. in Wingfield, Jocelyn, p.271.
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^ Tenements listed in father George Smith's will; Wingfield, Jocelyn, pp.103-104 (John Smith was raised with the younger Berties); P. Force, Tracts, 1609, III, p.37.
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^ King James induced the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Humphrey Weld, a member of the Grocers' Company, to issue `a Precept to the Livery Companies', "to deal very earnestly and effectually with the colonization of Virginia,." This resulted in corporate support for the Virginia Company for the first time - which is so often erroneously quoted as having begun in 1606. Weld reminded them that: Virginia would (a) give the citizens an opportunity of diminishing the risk of famine and pestilence, by removing some of the surplus population, and (b) would also prove a source of profit to Adventurers: indeed emigrants would beget a house, orchard and garden, and land for themselves and their heirs. So, 56 of the Livery Companies joined some 640 other shareholders in "The Company of London Adventurers and Planters of the City of London for the Colony of Virginia" on 10th April 1609 - just before John Smith, the third President at Jamestown, was - also - sent home to answer questions. [Blackham, p.59].
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^ Wingfield, Jocelyn, p.136;
Bibliography
(All publications were published in London, unless shown otherwise)
Andrews, M.P., The Soul of a Nation, the Founding of Virginia and the Projection of New England [New York, 1943].
Arber, Prof. Edward & Bradley, A.G., Travels and Works of Captain John Smith [Edinburgh, 1943].
Archer, Gabriel, The Relatyon of the Discovery of our River, in Archaeologica Americana, IV.
Barbour, Philip L., The Three Worlds of Captain John Smith [London, 1964].
Beverley, Robert, The History & Present State of Virginia, [London, 1705 & 1722].
Blackham, Colonel Robert J, The Soul of the City, London's Livery Companies, Their Storied Past, Their Living Present, London, no date (but fl. 1932-52),
Bridges, J., Northamptonshire [1791].
Brown, Alexander The Genesis of the United States, Vol. 2, 1899.
Dexter, Lincoln A., The Gosnold Discoveries .. in the North Part of Virginia, 1602 [Brookfield, MA, 1982].
DNB, 2005. See Simmons.
Hamor, Ralphe, Secretary, A True Discourse as to the Present State of Virginia [London, 1615; New York & Amsterdam, 1971 edn].
Hasler, P.W., The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1558-1603. [HMSO, 1981].
Horn, James, A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America, [New York, 2005].
Kingsbury, Susan Myra, The Records of the Virginia Company, The Court Book, 1619-1622, Vol. 1, Part A, [Facsimile, 1993], esp. pp. 18 & 22.
Noel Hume, Ivor, The Virginia Adventure, Roanoke to James Towne {Charlottesville & London, 1994].
Parks, George Bruner, Richard Hakluyt and the English Voyages, American Geographical Society, Special Publication #10 [1928].
Percy: see Purchas.
Porter, H.C., The Inconstant Savage, London, 1979. See esp. pp. 275–280.
Price, David A., Love & Hate in Jameston [New York, 2005].
Purchas, Samuel Purchas published a part of Percy's recollections in 1625 in Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas His Pilgrimes, contayning a History of the World, in Sea Voyages, and Lande Travells by Englishmen and others, Vol. IV; & in Tyler, Lyon Gardiner (editor), Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606-1625. [New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1907].
Scheler, Jeffery L., Rethinking Jamestown, in The Smithsonian [January 2005].
Simmons, R.C., British DNB (Dictionary of National Biography) [OUP, 2004, sub "Wingfield, Edward Maria"].
Smith, John, The Generall Historie of Virginia ["G.H." London, 1623].
Stratford, John, From Churchyard to Castle, The History of Kimbolton School [Kimbolton, 2000].
Wingfield, Edward Maria, A Discourse of Virginia (1608), [MS 250, ff.382r-392v, 1608 in Lambeth Palace Library;, British Library 9602e 8, 26 pages] ed. by Charles Deane, with Introduction and Notes, Boston, MA, 1860/ published in Archaeologia Americana, vol. IV. (Worcester, 1860). This was not his diary since Smith and Archer destroyed that. See Note on Page 1].
Wingfield, Jocelyn R., Virginia's True Founder: Edward Maria Wingfield, etc., [Charleston, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4196-6032-0].
Woolley, Benjamin, Savage Kingdom, Virginia & The Founding of English America. [2007].
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Succeeded by | |
| Wingfield • Ratcliffe • Scrivener • Smith • Percy • Gates • De La Warr • Dale • Yeardley • Argall • Wyatt • West • Pott • Harvey • West • Berkeley • Bennett • Digges • Mathews • Colepeper • Howard of Effingham • Andros • Nicholson • Nott • Jenings • Hunter • Orkney (absentee) • Spotswood • Drysdale • "King" Carter • Gooch • Albemarle (absentee) • Gooch • Lee • Dinwiddie • Loudoun • Fauquier • Amherst (absentee) • Fauquier • Botetourt • Nelson • Dunmore | | |||
| Name | Wingfield, Edward Maria |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Maria_Wingfield"
“On April 10, 1606, Wingfield was one of the eight "incorporators" of the Virginia Company,[37] who "prayed His Majesty to incorporate them, and to enable them to raise a joint stake". Divided into two missions, four men sub-incorporated as the Virginia Company of London and four as the Virginia Company of Plymouth, which would attempt to found a colony at Sagadahoc, Maine. The four for the London (Jamestown) Company, besides Wingfield, being Richard Hakluyt, Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers - (i.e. these suitors ensured the legality of the Company). “
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_Plymouth
Plymouth Company
“The Plymouth Company (the Plymouth Adventurers, also called the Virginia Company of Plymouth or simply Virginia Bay Company) was an English joint stock company founded in 1606 by James I of England with the purpose of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.
The Plymouth Company was one of two companies, along with the London Company, chartered with such a purpose as part of the Virginia Company. In form it was similar to the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London. The territory of the company was the coast of North America from the 38th parallel to the 45th parallel, but being part of the Virginia Company and Colony, The Plymouth Company owned a large portion of Atlantic and Inland Canada. The portion of company's area south of the 41st parallel overlapped that of the London Company, with the stipulation being that neither company could found a settlement within 100 miles (160 km) of an existing settlement of the other company.”
See also
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Company"
History of the Thirteen Colonies http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies
|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1606_establishments
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Former_British_colonies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chartered_companies
Companies established in the 17th century
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Companies_established_in_the_17th_century
Thomas Gates
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Sir Thomas Gates (governor) (1585–1621), of the Virginia Company, an early leader and governor of the Colony of Virginia
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Thomas Sovereign Gates (1873–1948), U.S. educator, first president of the University of Pennsylvania
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Thomas Sovereign Gates, Jr. (1906–1983), U.S. Secretary of Defense under President Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Thomas Gates, 19th-century Tucson, Arizona area pioneer, rancher, and saloonkeeper; Gates Pass is named after him
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Thomas Gates, fictional character in National Treasure and National Treasure: Book of Secrets, portrayed by Jason Earles and Joel Gretsch
Thomas Gates (governor)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor)
Sir Thomas Gates (fl. 1585–1621), followed George Percy as governor of Jamestown, the English colony of Virginia (now the Commonwealth of Virginia, part of the United States of America). Percy, through inept leadership, was responsible for the lives lost during the period called the Starving Time. Gates arrived to find a few surviving starving colonists commanded by Percy.
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Edward Maria Wingfield (1607)
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John Ratcliffe (1608)
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Matthew Scrivener (1608)
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John Smith (1608–1609)
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George Percy (1609–1610)
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Thomas Gates (1610)
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Thomas West, Baron De La Warr (1610–1611)
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George Percy (1611)
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Thomas Dale (1611, 1614–1616)
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Thomas Gates (1611–1614)
The English born Gates ruled with deputy governor Sir Thomas Dale. Their controlled, strict methods helped the early colonies survive. However, they did not assist in making them thrive.
Gates was appointed by the Virginia Company of London, which had established the Jamestown settlement under a Royal Charter for the colonisation of Virginia. He had sailed for Jamestown in 1609, aboard the Sea Venture, the new flagship of the Virginia Company. The Sea Venture was part of the Third Supply, a fleet of seven ships, towing two pinnaces, which was intended to deliver new settlers and desperately needed supplies.
At sea, the ships of the Third Supply were separated by a three-day storm now thought to have been a large hurricane. The Admiral of the Virginia Company, Sir George Somers, had taken the helm to fight the storm, and deliberately drove the ship onto rocks to prevent its foundering. The rocks proved to be the reef line to the east of the uninhabited archipelago now known as Bermuda. The other ships went on to Jamestown, not knowing the fate of the Sea Venture.
The 150 survivors spent the next ten months in Bermuda building two new ships on which to complete the journey to Jamestown. Two factions developed, however, due to a dispute between Gates and Somers over who was now the superior. As an appointed officer for Jamestown, Gates felt he was in authority, now that they were ashore. Somers felt that he retained authority until the settlers, including Gates, were landed at Jamestown. The two new ships, the Deliverance and the Patience were completed and sailed for Virginia in 1610. They left two men (a third would be left when the Patience returned from Jamestown) to maintain their claim of Bermuda for England. The Charter of the Virginia Company would officially be extended to include Bermuda in 1612. Ever since, Bermuda has also been known officially as The Somers Isles. Sir Thomas Gates left his own name on a part of the colony, Gate's Bay, where the survivors of the Sea Venture landed. The oldest surviving fort in Bermuda, built between 1612 and 1615, is known as Gate's Fort.
Sir Thomas Gates had a cross erected before leaving Bermuda, on which was a copper tablet inscribed in Latin and English:
In Memory of our deliverance both from the Storme and the Great leake wee have erected this cross to the honour of God. It is the Spoyle of an English Shippe of 300 tonnes called SEA VENTURE bound with seven others (from which the storme divided us) to Virginia or NOVA BRITANIA in America. In it were two Knights, Sir Thomas Gates, Knight Governor of the English Forces and Colonie there: and Sir George Somers, Knight Admiral of the Seas. Her Captain was Christopher Newport. Passengers and mariners she had beside (which all come to safety) one hundred and fiftie. Wee were forced to runne her ashore(by reason of her leake) under a point that bore South East from the Northerne Point of the Island which wee discovered first on the eighth and twentieth of July 1609.
On reaching Jamestown, only 60 of the 500 settlers previously landed there were found alive through the winter of 1609–1610 which became known as the "Starving Time". The condition of the settlement was so poor that it was decided to abandon it and return everyone to England. However, the timely arrival of another relief fleet under Lord De La Warr gave the colony a reprieve.
Gates' actions as governor were recorded by his secretary William Strachey, and were later published as the True repertory of the wreck and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates.
References
Source used: America: Past and Present (Revised Seventh Edition, AP* Edition).[Full citation needed]
External links
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Genealogy Magazine Bermuda’s Immigrants to the Colonies.
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Bermuda Online Bermudian Forts.
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Experience Bermuda Saint George's.
| Government offices | ||
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| Preceded by | Succeeded by | |
| Preceded by | Colonial governor of Virginia | Succeeded by |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wingfield • Ratcliffe • Scrivener • Smith • Percy • Gates • De La Warr • Dale • Yeardley • Argall • Wyatt • West • Pott • Harvey • West • Berkeley • Bennett • Digges • Mathews • Colepeper • Howard of Effingham • Andros • Nicholson • Nott • Jenings • Hunter • Orkney (absentee) • Spotswood • Drysdale • "King" Carter • Gooch • Albemarle (absentee) • Gooch • Lee • Dinwiddie • Loudoun • Fauquier • Amherst (absentee) • Fauquier • Botetourt • Nelson • Dunmore | | |||
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor)"
